Unit study guide Free Essays

You will have the option to enter this Exam just a single time. There is a 2-hour time limit for this sort of Exam. Make a point to finish the test before the finish of Unit 6 on Tuesday evening. We will compose a custom article test on Unit study manage or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now For every Item recorded beneath, ensure you comprehend what the Item Is alluding to, owe the course book characterizes it and how it applies to business associations. Arranging ? Section 5 Strategic Planning Decision Making Strategic Planning - Strategic Goals Tactical Planning †Specific Goals Plans Operational Planning †Specific Procedures Processes Mission ? Organization’s Basic Purpose Strategic Vision †Future Perspective SOOT Analysis Organizing †Chapter 7 Organizing for Action Organizational Chart Differentiation Integration Dillon of Labor Specialization Vertical Structure Authority Span of Control Delegation †Responsibility, Accountability Centralization Horizontal Structure Line Departments Staff Departments Differentiations Functional, Divisional, Matrix, Network Centralized versus.. Decentralized Organizations Leading ? Section 10 Leadership Vision Leading Managing Supervisory Leadership Strategic Leadership 5 Sources of Power: Legitimate, Reward, Coercive, Referent, Expert 3 Traditional Approaches to Leadership Approach †Task Performance Behaviors Group Maintenance Behaviors, ELM Theory, Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership, Laissez-more attractive Situational Approach †Broom Model, Fielder’s Contingency Model, Task-spurred Leadership, Relationship-roused Leadership, Hershey Blanchard Situational Theory ( Job Development, Psychological Maturity). Alluring Leaders * Transformational Leaders * Transactional Leaders Controlling ? Section 14 Managerial Control †a procedure that coordinates the exercises of people toward the accomplishment of hierarchical objectives Bureaucratic Control Market Control Clan Control 4 Steps of Control Systems Setting Performance Standards Measuring Performance Comparing Performance Against Standards Determining Deviations Taking Action to Correct Problems Reinforce Successes 6 Sigma Six Sigma is a quality administration idea that has the objective of killing imperfections room a company’s item or administration. It includes altering different parts of and around the item or administration until it is reliably what the clients need and need. The term â€Å"sigma† alludes to how far an item or administration is from being â€Å"perfect†, liberated from absconds (comparative with customers’ needs and needs). This condition of â€Å"perfection† or being as liberated from surrenders as conceivable is accepted to be accomplished at Six Sigma. Interior Audits External Audits For the Internal External review data, allude to your course reading definitions and ensure you comprehend the distinctions and explicit reason for every one. The most effective method to refer to Unit study manage, Papers

Essay Tips for College Applications

Essay Tips for College ApplicationsYou can find many excellent tips on how to write essays for college applications, but some of them are simply so simple that you don't have to read your life lesson right down. Some students start off with an idea, but then just don't have the ability to get it written down, and many times the writer has no idea how to get started. If you've been told by your professor that you need to begin writing essays for college applications right away, you might be on the right track.In your first essay you should always begin with a topic. That's the best way to ensure that you get the best from your time. It doesn't matter whether you like that topic, it just matters that you have a topic to work with, and then you can build upon it.Once you've established a topic, you need to come up with a good essay. There are many different ways to go about this, but there is one method that all good essays should follow. It's not necessarily the easiest, and it takes p ractice, but it's absolutely the best. Don't just make a quick outline; get a little bit of the story behind the topic, and then make sure that you get as much as you can into each paragraph.Once you've got the basics in place, you need to make sure that you know how to end it. Whether you're writing a letter or an essay, it needs to be strong, though you don't need to include a cliffhanger. In fact, if you don't want to include a cliffhanger, you're better off leaving it out altogether.One great tip is to always leave room for questions. This helps to make the essay seem more personalized, and it makes you seem more educated. While a cliffhanger should be used sparingly, leaving room for questions is a great idea, especially if you're dealing with your friends, parents, or professors.Once you've got your topic and question, you need to begin writing essays for college applications. As with any other essay, the main objective is to get the reader's attention, and to provide some kin d of useful information about yourself. If you can do that, you're off to a good start.Now that you've established these simple tips, you're ready to put in some effort. In addition to the basic approach, you'll also want to incorporate some of the following tips: your personality, your family, your passions, and your attitude. Those are all excellent ways to make an amazing first impression. You may even get extra points if you can combine one or two tips, but remember that the basic goal is to help you stand out from the crowd.The basic approach is the best way to approach the problem. No matter how good the writer is, they won't be very successful unless they have a strategy that's easy to use and adapt. Follow those tips, and you should be able to excel at your first essay.

The concept of power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The idea of intensity - Essay Example Doubt among countries, dread of assault by different countries, breaking of worldwide understandings by certain countries and desire to build up matchless quality over different nations had proceeded with unabated considerably after the Second World War prompting cold war among countries. The most undesirable consequence of this frantic military race among countries was the redirection of open government assistance assets to make atomic weapons. Presently, the idea of intensity had crossed all limits and arrived at a definitive to pass on the exceptional significance of an unstoppable atomic force. More force implies nature that is progressively ruinous. All most all nations fear USA. Why The appropriate response lies in the stripped truth that this nation has the vast majority of the world's atomic bombs and weapons demonstrating that it is more damaging than some other nation. Shockingly, the idea of intensity had additionally removed the optional forces of these atomic powers due to their Force is something of which I am persuaded there is no honesty this side of the belly, says Nadine Gordimer, South Africa's all around acclaimed author (Internet, citations). Russian communist theoretician Mikhail Bakunin comes out extremely solid on the idea of intensity: The intuition to order others, in its crude substance, is a meat eating, through and through brutal and savage nature. Affected by the psychological improvement of man, it takes on a to some degree progressively perfect structure and turns out to be to some degree honored, introducing itself as the instrument of reason and the gave hireling of that deliberation, or political fiction, which is known as the open great. Be that as it may, in its embodiment it stays similarly as evil, and it turns out to be significantly more so when, with the use of science, it expands its degree and heightens the intensity of its activity. On the off chance that there is a fiend ever, it is this force standard (Internet, Mikhail ). Individuals regularly talk about the idea of intensity regarding hypothetical sense. For all intents and purposes, power is only a condition of telling others to do certain things, however the strategies for instructing shift from individual to individual and from nation to nation. With regards to worldwide relations, the importance of intensity accept genuine measurements. In the universal field, power is deciphered as the limit of a nation to direct terms to other 3 nations. The Great Britain utilized its capacity once and governed the vast majority of the world for more than two hundreds of years. Presently USA has been utilizing its capacity to overwhelm and control the vast majority of the world. The incredible Mahabharata war happened hundreds of years back in light of the force battle among Pandava and Kaurava siblings. These days, in a large portion of the underdeveloped nations, joint families are separating because of intensity battle between siblings for controlling the family properties. The separation of the Ambani family controlling India's main mechanical realm, known as the Reliance Group, is the latest case of a force battle. The hotspot for any force battle regularly produces in the individuals' inclination to rule others and control things at their will and delight. At the point when you stretch out this similarity to nations in universal relations, the examination hurls incalculable similitudes. A nation

Essay Sample - How to Prepare For Your Next IELTS Essay Sample

Essay Sample - How to Prepare For Your Next IELTS Essay SampleIf you are planning to take the IELTS exam, then you should know that there are a lot of essay samples to choose from. When it comes to giving writing samples for the IELTS exam, the first thing that you have to do is to get your chosen subjects and essay sample materials. Here are some tips for those who want to select the right topic in writing for the exam.You have to be aware that the sample you are going to give must not only address the particular subject of the essay but must be more oriented to the type of student you are talking about. For example, if you are going to give an essay for a history subject, you have to provide the topic from the specific period. You cannot base the essay on history from earlier years. You need to be more knowledgeable about that particular history. You need to write essays on historical figures or events and its relation to the current world.You also need to prepare your essay sample s by highlighting the specific topic you want to give. If you want to give an essay about professional development, then you have to give topics from the same field. Do not just look at the subject but look at what other people have done in the same field and what they did in order to survive.The topic must be important for the subject to be interesting. The students might come up with the same topic in a different way but they will be just like everyone else. In this case, their essay would be a good one. If you want to give a sample for a language subject, then you have to give the language and make it interesting. You can even put the language in the author biography.But before you can help your students to come up with good topics, you need to know about the specific language and the subjects you will teach. There are a lot of grammar books available for different languages and subjects. Some grammars for English are available in many formats like DVD and eBook.One more tip for the use of essay samples is that you have to give the topic you want in a rough form. After the reading of the topic, you will have to come up with more work. However, after that you can now start your students and let them revise until the deadline.One more great tip is that when you are preparing for the IELTS test, you should not be so much concerned with the subject of your essay but more with the tone and language you want to use. You should not try to use high volume of words. You should focus on the theme of the essay.

Analytical Review Apollo Shoes Essay example - 951 Words

Apollo Shoes, Inc. Potential Problem Areas December 31, 2011 The following refers to the Comparative Trial Balances, GA-7.1 through GA-7.5: Accounts Receivable, Other Receivables, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, Bad Debt ExpenseInventories and Reserve for Inventory Obsolescence Prepaid Insurance and Insurance Expense Machinery, Equipment, and Office Furniture Accounts Payable Taxes Payable Line of Credit Sales, Sales Returns, Net Sales – Relationship to Inventory Research amp; Development Administrative Wage Expense Miscellaneous Income The following refers to GA-7.5 – Selected Ratio Comparison: Days Sales in Inventory Days Sales in Accounts Receivable Other points of interest: 7GA-7.1 Apollo Shoes, Inc. Analytic†¦show more content†¦Account W/P Common Common # Title Ref. Balance Size Balance Size Amount Percentage REVENUE 40000 Sales 246,172,918.44 102.33% 245,213,452.88 106.40% -959,465.56 -0.39% 41000 Sales Returns 4,497,583.20 1.87% 13,600,220.89 5.90% 9,102,637.69 202.39% 42000 Warranty Exp 1,100,281.48 0.46% 1,158,128.47 0.50% 57,846.99 5.26% Net Sales 240,575,053.76 100.00% 230,455,103.52 100.00% (10,119,950.24) -4.21% EXPENSES 50000 COGS 141,569,221.61 58.85% 130,246,645.26 56.52% (11,322,576.35) -8.00% Gross Margin 99,005,832.15 41.15% 100,208,458.26 43.48% 1,202,626.11 1.21% GA-7.4 OPERATING EXPENSES 57500 Freight 4,302,951.46 1.79% 4,236,263.09 1.84% (66,688.37) -1.55% 60000 Advertising Expense 897,140.01 0.37% 986,854.01 0.43% 89,714.00 10.00% 61000 Auto Expenses 208,974.39 0.09% 214,502.80 0.09% 5,528.41 2.65% 62000 Research amp; Development 31,212,334.17 12.97% 543,870.44 0.09% (30,668,463.73) -98.26% 64000 Depreciation Expense 133,000.00 0.06% 446,000.00 0.19% 313,000.00 235.34% 64500 Warehouse SalariesShow MoreRelatedBeginning the Audit Report Essay1934 Words   |  8 PagesTo: Senior Partner From: Kim Cummings Re: Apollo Shoes Audit Dear Senior Partner: As you know, our firm has been selected to perform the Apollo Shoes audit. The planning process has been the most delicate stage as we want to ensure we have a solid audit approach. The team I select will be dedicated in meeting the objectives and strategies for completing the audit. I will briefly explain to you how I plan to begin the audit process. Now that Apollo Shoes has selected our firm, the initial planningRead MoreSubstantive Procedures for Cash Outflow Irregularities Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent accounting departments at Apollo Shoes. An audit program will be designed according to the three cycles that will be outlined below. The first cycle that will be discussed is cash, then accounts payable and finally the payroll function. These cycles will be evaluated for substantive procedures for Apollo Shoes and detect irregularities for each section and an appropriate audit program will be designed for each department. Cash At Apollo Shoes irregularities or cash schemes, whichRead MoreAudit Report And Internal Control Evaluation943 Words   |  4 PagesANDERSON, OLDS WATERSHED Certified Public Accountants Independent Auditor’s Report To the Board of Directors of Apollo Shoes, Inc. We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Apollo Shoes, Inc. as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 and the related statements of income, shareholder’s equity and cash flow for the two years in the period ended December 31, 2007. Apollo Shoes’ management is responsible for the financial statements presented, for maintaining effective internal control over financialRead MoreAudit Introduction Letter1178 Words   |  5 PagesAudit Introduction Letter Elizabeth Grieco ACC 546 February 11, 2013 Hillary D. Edmondson Audit Introduction Letter TO: Apollo Shoes, Inc. FROM: Elizabeth Grieco, Auditor-In-Charge Anderson, Olds, and Watershed (AOW) DATE: February 11, 2013 SUBJECT: Auditing and Other Assurance Services Available SUMMARY: This memo includes information regarding the services that Anderson, Olds, and Watershed (AOW) is able to provide to clients as well as the standards that auditors must followRead MoreEvidence Law and Audit Program Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesAs corporate controller for Apollo Shoes, you are tasked to find and explain any irregularities in the Apollo Shoes Case. Resource: Apollo Shoes Casebook Define the process you will use and address the following assessed classroom discussion questions: What procedures will be used to collect accounting evidence? What sampling tools and techniques will be used for the examination? How will you use analytical and inferential tools to evaluate accounting evidence? Submit your assignmentRead MoreBeginning The Audit Report A Essay2026 Words   |  9 PagesBeginning the Audit Report October 25, 2007 Mr. Joe Bootwell Executive Senior Vice-President CFO Apollo Shoes, Inc 100 Shoe Plaza Shoetown, Maine 00001 Dear Mr. Bootwell, Thank you for choosing Team D Auditing for your audit needs. This letter is to inform you on how we plan to begin the audit process for your company. We will be performing an audit on the financial statements for Apollo Shoes for the year ended December 31, 2007 in order to provide reasonable assurance that the statements areRead MoreAudit Program Design Part Ii - Acc546 Essay example1797 Words   |  8 Pages2011 Audit Program Design Part II The audit of Apollo Shoes, Inc. requires a design of steps to develop audit objectives to plan the audit. The financial statements are divided into cycles to better manage the audit and disperse to staff within the firm. The following cycle’s sales and collection, payroll and personnel and acquisition and payment were developed to design test of controls, substantive tests of transactions and analytical procedures. Anderson, Olds, and Watershed, LLP willRead MoreAudit Program Design Part 21844 Words   |  8 PagesKendrick Cross, Teresita Gunn, Geri Franco, Heather Swayze ACC/546 July 08, 2013 Joseph Oloyede Sales and Collection Cycle When engaged in auditing a public firm, such as Apollo Shoe Inc., an auditor must determine when to trust in the company’s internal controls and when to ascertain auxiliary testing methods are obligatory to analyze control risks. The sales and collection cycle is rather a substantial fraction of the auditRead MoreAudit Program Design Part Iii for Apollo Shoes Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesAudit Program Design Part III for Apollo Shoes Crystal Spencer ACC/546 September 24, 2012 Deborah Fitzgerald Thomas Sloan and Spencer Auditing Firm during phase III of Apollo Shoes audit plan, we will focus in two key cycles, which are the following: inventory and warehouse cycle and cash cycle. It is important to understand that are six types of transactions in the inventory and warehouse cycles which are: receive raw materials, store rawRead MoreAcc 5561986 Words   |  8 Pagesand forensic accounting (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Wells, J. (2011). Principles of fraud examination (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Supplemental Resources Apollo Shoes Casebook Web-Based Version http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078136644/student_view0/apollo_shoes_case.html Week One: Overview of Fraud and Abuse Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Identify the impact of occupational fraud and

The United States Of America - 1019 Words

The United States of America is composed of redefining events that shape government and politics today. Historical events consciously created a path to the nation we live in, thus establishing equal rights for liberty. However, these rights were not initially believed to be universal, therefore, the president had to lead the country to equality among its citizens. The five most important forces or events that led to the development of the United States before 1865 began with the election of President Abraham Lincoln in November 1860, who was morally opposed to slavery, thus empowering his leadership against division in America. Subsequently, Lincoln’s election divided the country between free states and slave states who in 1861, formed the Confederate States of America in Montgomery, Alabama, by the convention, resulting in Lincoln’s necessity to call for 75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederate states. As a result, President Lincoln issues the preliminary Ema ncipation Proclamation in 1862, liberating all slaves as January 1, 1863. Followed by the three-day battle in Gettysburg, where 17,000 union soldiers were wounded and killed. Successively, in 1864 Lincoln’s re-election reestablished the union. Finally, in 1865, U.S congress approves the thirteen amendment, where in the same year of Lincoln’s reelection he was fatally shot; nevertheless, the nation unites and the civil war ends after 620,000 American soldiers were lost. ConclusivelyShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of America1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is well known throughout the world for tis democracy ant the freedoms of its citizens. Since declaring its Independence from Great Britain rule in 1776, the United States of America has undergone a continuous effort to maintain law and order. In order to create a strong federal government with a system of check and balances the Constitution was proposed and ratified. The Constitution of the Un ited States became the Supreme law of the land. (The Constitution) We theRead MoreThe United States Of America1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe united states of america has been in many world affairs since its creation. One of the earliest international events that can be attributed to having direct links with the Great Depression was the Manchurian Crisis of 1931. War had broken out between China and Japan, who had both suffered due to the counter measures and high tariffs set by America and Europe to combat the Great Depression. Japanese army officers in Manchuria manufactured an incident, took over the province and on their own createdRead MoreThe United States Of America995 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has always been known as the home of â€Å"The American Dream†. This consists of the nice house with the family, the dog and the white picket fence. Lately, however, the country has been losing this dream. Lately the corruption of the United States of Ame rica has taken over this dream that led so many to want to make a home in the country. Politics has become a contest of money and power. Money has come to equal power, and it shown through all elections. The Federal ElectionRead MoreThe United States Of America1551 Words   |  7 Pages The United States of America: the place that praises the â€Å" American Dream† that countless people try following but never really succeed in accomplishing because of systemic racism. It’s easy to tell people to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, but what if they don’t even have bootstraps to begin with? The American Dream is a sugar coated lie. After hundreds of years of colonization, mass genocide, racism, white supremacy†¦ It is deceptive to tell minorities that they can be as successful asRead MoreThe United States Of America Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesA crash in america may be coming a lot sooner than many people think. The United States of America is facin g problems a lot of people are either unaware of or just dont think its a big deal. Most of america think that our economy and government is in alright financial shape, That may not be the case though. America is in bad shape and it seems to be going down hill. America is declining in world power as well and this is just another factor leading to a crash in the future. Other nations are growingRead MoreThe United States Of America1244 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Northern Pakistan to The United States of America, The Exchange Student Probably to everybody’s shock, nobody could have imagined how poorly executed the 45th’s President Executive Order shortly after it was established. Any person, who is from one of the seven designated Muslim countries in the Middle East, are not allowed the right of entry into the United States of America. People like Syrian Refuges are ban indefinitely until the 46th POTUS reverses that order, who are seeking nothing butRead MoreThe United States Of America1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is the world largest single economy with a lot of trade activities with other nations. The country has traded with other nations for centuries hence it is an important economic partner (Jensen, Quinn Weymouth, 2015). The country normally has a lot of influence in the world trade since it serves almost all the nations worldwide. In fact, most of the trade policies that affect the whole world have been proposed by the United States of America. Moreover, the count ry isRead MoreThe United States Of America1354 Words   |  6 Pages The United States of America was sought out by immigrants as a place of freedom and refuge. Throughout America s short history, people from all over the world looked to America as a land of opportunity. Immigrants from Eastern European countries such as Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary poured into the United States in the mid 19th century. The large amount of immigration from Eastern European countries to the United States between 1919 and 1924 was due not only to the opportunities of work and freedomRead MoreThe United States Of America1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe journey of how the United States of America became the United States of America is a very complex one. With America declaring separation from the Great English Empire, to the organization of becoming a free, sovereign nation and lastly, the migration and colonization of the now, western United States, including the great state of Nevada, has many compo nents. The Declaration of Independence initiated the process of becoming a country of its own. This Document pushed the separation from EnglandRead MoreThe United States Of America938 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America is one of, if not the most developed nation in the world as of 2014. America is well-known for its freedom and opportunity it offers, which is why many individuals sought out for it. But I am not going to write about America’s many achievements and prestigious comforts. I would like to address the current situation that has been haunting America for quite some time now. In the last century, technology all around the world has undergone dramatic changes, whether it is

Importance of Carbohydrates in living organisms free essay sample

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1. 2. 1.. There are many different types of carbohydrate, all of which are useful to living organisms. The most important carbohydrate is probable glucose. Glucose is a monosaccharide and is the monomer unit which makes up more complex polysaccharides. Two glucose molecules can be joined in a condensation reaction, whereby water is removed, for example to produce maltose, a disaccharide. The bond between the glucose molecules is a ? 1-4 glycosidic bond. Glucose is also soluble, a reducing sugar and the blood sugar of mammals. It is respired to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate, a chemical energy store) and is therefore required for growth. During glycolysis, a process which occurs in the cytoplasm and generates 2 ATP, glucose is phosphorylated to produce a 6 carbon phophorylated sugar. Glucose is essential for respiration and therefore essential for ATP production. ATP is required for various activities, for example active transport systems such as glucose reabsorption in the kidney, or muscle contraction. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Carbohydrates in living organisms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are two other monosaccharides: fructose and lactose. Fructose is found in sperm and in fruits, to make them more attractive to animals. Lactose is found in the milk of mammals and is an important energy supply for their young. These monosaccharides also help to build disaccharides. Glucose and fructose join together to form sucrose and glucose and lactose join to form galactose. Sucrose is the major transport carbohydrate of green plants. It is transported in the phloem by translocation. It is formed in the leaves by photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle (the light independent reactions) which takes place in the stroma produces glucose, which in turn is changed into sucrose. Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are produced from glucose, monomers. Cellulose, for example, is a long chain of glucose units (about 3000 units). Each unit is joined to the next by a ? 1- glycosidic bond. About 2000 cellulose chains are packed into cellulose fibres which make up plants’ cell walls. Cellulose, therefore, is major structural carbohydrate of green plants. The cell wall containing cellulose provides support in herbaceous plants and when impregnated with lignin it acts as a water proofing layer and provides great strength. Starch is another polysaccharide of green plants, it is their storage carbohydrate. Starch is made up of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a long chain of glucose monomers, joined by ? 1-4 glycosidic bonds whereas amylopectin is made up of shorter branched chains of glucose monomers. Starch is stored in chloroplasts as starch grains. It is used, in green plants, as the carbohydrate which respired to produce energy. It enters into glycolysis in the cytoplasm, in place of glucose. Therefore starch is extremely important for green plants because it is essential for ATP production. In green plants, ATP is used in the Calvin cycle, to help turn glycerate-3-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and to help turn this back to ribulose bisphosphate. Glycogen is a third polysaccharide, it is the storage carbohydrate of animals. Glycogen is formed from glucose in the liver cells, under the influence of the hormone insulin. This process is called glycogenesis. Glycogen is a n energy store and if blood sugar levels fall too low (for example during periods of dieting or fasting) it is turned back into glucose. This is called glycogenolysis and is influenced by the hormone glucagon. Glycogen, therefore, is important in homeostasis, the maintaining of a constant internal environment. In conclusion, carbohydrates are extremely important to all living organisms and without them these organisms would die.

Instruction Strategies for Differentiated Teaching and Learning

The main reason behind the assessment plan is to help in collection of the students’ information which will be significant in identifying their potential and their areas of difficulty. Teachers who are well trained have the ability to distinguish content, process, and product for students. By knowing this differentiation, it becomes easy to have a plan that will enable the students to use the same curriculum by issuing out the entry points, learning tasks and outcomes that are designed to the needs of students (Schlemmer, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Instruction Strategies for Differentiated Teaching and Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the end of every lesson, I shall use the assessment from the classroom to supervise the students’ mutual understanding of various concepts being taught in class. In fact, this will be essential to my planning of the lessons. In the due process, I will be able to point out areas that need perfect review (Schlemmer, 2011). In order to monitor the students’ improvements, assessment can be done in form of questions, special projects and daily or weekly worksheets. So students’ prior knowledge to a particular topic or subject is very essential in identifying their understanding of the subject (Schlemmer, 2011). Differentiated Process Students should be able to explore their learning environment appropriately. This at the end should be achieved by noticing the results that come as a result of how they behave towards each other and their teachers in mutuality. This mutual understanding is achieved through the establishment of mutual group activities among the students. In addition to this, students should work as a group with their respective colleagues. Similarly, they should be able to help their partners who have areas of difficulty. They should be able to encourage their colleagues towards their class work. Stud ents should be students of their students. They are required to identify the main information or idea within the story (Schlemmer, 2011). Product Having read and analyzed a particular story, the students should be able to create a reflection on what they have learnt, for example, a sketch to show that they have really understood something. In addition to this, they should be able to write a report which will clearly identify their general understanding of the topic. Students should have a small story that proves their understanding of the topic given (Schlemmer, 2011). Content Tapes that contain the information from the syllabus should be used to those students who have difficulty in reading. This will enable them to capture the necessary information. A teacher should make a small group of students with whom he can talk to at a time. This will enable him to know what the students need and identification of important ideas behind the story by the students (Schlemmer, 2011).Advertisin g Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A class that supports multiple learning should be created through the teacher. The teacher is required not to use cruelty ways of teaching which will discourage the students from continuing with their studies competently. A variety of techniques need to be added by creating an interesting teaching method that lures the attention of the students. This will keep them active for a long time. At the same time, it will improve their understanding of the subject being studied. Students for instance will develop their self-awareness when they pass various questions asked by the teacher. Their response in regard to various problems should also be considered. These creation of stories and songs of entertainment will boost their concentration on class work. In pre-primary studies the students should be able to know how to write words in small letters and capital letters a t the end of the study (Schlemmer, 2011). References Schlemmer, P., Schlemmer, D., Schlemmer, P. (2011). Teaching kids to be confident,  effective communicators: Differentiated projects to get all students writing,  speaking, and presenting. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Pub. This essay on Instruction Strategies for Differentiated Teaching and Learning was written and submitted by user Kaylen Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Managing a Retailers Finances

Managing a Retailers Finances The merchandise budget The merchandise budget is a clear plan of the sales anticipated by a retailer over a given period in the future. The merchandise budget influences the amount of commodities to be purchased by the retailing company. It also highlights the possible reductions and markups that the company might have to embrace.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing a Retailer’s Finances specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The merchandising budget should be prepared after considering the anticipated sales, the stock on hand, and the required gross margins for the company to attain higher profits. The language of the budget should be clear, and the budget must be based on a specific timeline. For instance, most retail firms create a six-month merchandising budget. The variables contained in a merchandise budget include the planned sales, planned BOM and EOM inventories, and the retail reductions. The budget m ust also contain the purchases at retail and cost, as well as the planned gross margins of the buyer. Retail accounting statements There are three retail accounting statements. These include the income statement, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flow. The income statement highlights the profit or loss made by the company over a given period. The balance sheet is a financial statement that highlights the company’s liabilities, assets, and shareholder’s equity at a given time. The assets must balance with the liabilities and the equity held by the shareholders. The cash flow statement breaks down the effects of different financial activities on the cash available for the retail company. Inventory valuation Inventory valuation entails calculating all the costs involved in the process of placing the items in the inventory in place. There are two methods of accounting inventory systems, and these include the cost method and the retail method. Inventory valuation als o includes inventory pricing systems, which may follow the first-in-first-out (FIFO) procedure or the last-in-first-out (LIFO) strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Merchandise buying and handling Steps in Merchandise buying and handling The first step is identifying the most viable sources of supply. This involves identifying the best manufacturers. The second step involves contacting the suppliers. The third step entails conducting an evaluation of the prospective suppliers. This process results in the identification of the best supplier. The fourth step entails negotiations on prices and services associated with delivery. The last step is the purchasing process, which entails making payments and receiving the merchandise on the part of the retailer (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Dollar-merchandise planning Dollar merchandise planning influences the allocation of cash in the company because it determines the best way to balance the stock and sales. The plan highlights the desirable rate of spending for the company (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Dollar-merchandise control The retailer must control the dollar plan by limiting the commitments on merchandise that would exceed the dollar amount that the buyer can safely spend. Dollar-merchandise control ensures that the retailer sticks to the merchandise budget prepared at the beginning of a given period of business (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Inventory planning Inventory planning is a vital process in retailing because it involves the alignment of the quantity, timing, sales, and production capacity of the inventory. This process facilitates effective control of the profit margins of the company and the cash flow system (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Selection of merchandise source The selection of a merchandise source determines the cost of the inventory, and the profit margins for the reta iler. It is important to select a merchandise source based on affordability and reliability of the source (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Retailers can acquire their merchandise from different manufacturers; hence, there must be a comprehensive system to manage the supply chain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing a Retailer’s Finances specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vendor negotiations Vendor negotiations entail discussions on the price of the merchandise and delivery information between the retailer and the potential suppliers. This process facilitates a ground for bargaining between the involved suppliers and the retailer. Item creation and location Item creation involves the development of a unique tag on the items in the inventory that can be used to identify the items. Retailers must create items and feed the data to the inventory database for reference. The items should also indicate their specific location in the stores for easy access during the process of taking the inventory. Replenishment and in-store handling If the retailer is selling perishable goods with short expiry dates, it is important to prevent the LIFO effect on the consumers by limiting the number of batches of the products displayed on the shelves. This ensures that the retailer achieves the FIFO strategy in selling and reduces losses caused by the expiration of products on the shelves. This process also helps in handling the storage constraints in the store (Broekmeulen Bakx, 2010). Merchandise-line reviews This process involves the evaluation of the identified opportunities and challenges associated with the merchandise in the past. It also involves the formulation of solutions to the problems associated with the merchandise by looking at the solution derived in the past (What are the Key Elements of a Merchandise Planning System? 2015). Markdowns Markdowns are the levels of price reduction that the retai ler is forced to apply to the merchandise to respond to various constraints in the market. These constraints could be the availability of cheaper alternative products or bad assortment planning of the merchandise (Sayner, 2011). Retail Pricing Pricing objectives and policies Pricing objectives and policies influence the pricing of the products in a retail company. The pricing objective should be aligned with the strategic financial objectives of the retail company. The elasticity of consumer prices should be considered while setting the price objectives and policies (Varley, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Target return objective This is an investment tool that is used to determine the rate of financial returns that a retailer is looking to achieve from the merchandise. Profit Maximization Profit maximization is a technique used by retail companies to influence the attainment of the greatest profit on investments. It entails the manipulation of the prices of the products in the inventory to attain the highest profit margins (Varley, 2006). Skimming Skimming is a pricing strategy used by companies whereby they place the highest possible price for a commodity. As soon as the first client purchases the commodity at the set price, the company lowers the price to attract other customers (Varley, 2006). Pricing Strategies Pricing strategies are crucial in profit maximization because they determine the position of the products in a competitive retail industry. Companies must develop pricing strategies that foster the attainment of the greatest profit margins (Varley, 2006). Pricing below the market Pricing below the market is a strategy that entails offering products at prices that are below the standard market prices with the objective of enhancing the competitive power of the associated product. Pricing at market levels Pricing at market levels entails the development of a pricing strategy that matches set by other retailers in the industry. This pricing method is common for companies operating in a perfectly competitive market. Pricing above the market Pricing above the market entails developing a pricing strategy that places higher than normal prices of the products offered by a retailer. This technique is associated with the maximization of profits. Using Markups Markups are strategic tools used to raise the price of commodities when the demand increases. Markups entail adding specified rates for different commodities sold by a retailer. Markdown Management Markdown management entails the development of a control system to determine the minimum level of profit mar gins that the retail company is willing to obtain. Markdown management is essential in the development of pricing objective and policies because it entails the reduction of the prices of different products offered by a retailing company (Varley, 2006). Advertising and Promotion Advertising and promotion are indispensable factors in the management of retail operations. Advertising and promotion help retail companies to increase their market share by enhancing the awareness of the presence of their respective brands in the market (Belch Belch, 2011). Types of promotions Advertising Advertising in the retail industry is a viable strategy to communicate to potential clients and to create awareness of the existence of different products. Advertising helps companies to maintain and increase their market share. Advertising should be conducted in a persuasive manner to appeal to the target market (Belch Belch, 2011). Sales promotion Sales promotion is a strategy applied to increase the ra te of sales in a retail company. There are different methods of sales promotions, and their main aim is to entice consumers to increase the demand for a specific commodity (Belch Belch, 2011). Publicity Publicity involves the development of awareness of the existence of products. Publicity is a marketing strategy that increases the sales of specific products in a company, and it is widely used by retailers to introduce new products to the consumers. Personal selling Personal selling entails the use of a salesperson to sell products to potential customers. Personal selling is an effective strategy in marketing because it creates awareness of the existence of new products, and it also provides a platform for the retailer to persuade the target customers to purchase products. There are many strategies used in retail selling, but they follow specific steps. These steps include approaching the customer, determining the problem to solve for the customer, and presenting the merchandise to solve the problem. Making the sale and developing a relationship to open grounds for future sales are also important steps in the process (Belch Belch, 2011). Customer Service Customer service is a concept that encompasses all the services that a retailer provides to the customers in the retail store and other business platforms. Customer loyalty to companies is a function of the quality of services that the company offers. Customer services are normally provided to the consumers before they make a purchase, during the purchasing process and after the purchase is made. This provides a comprehensive coverage of services to keep the customer happy and satisfied. Customer care is a tool for adding value to the products offered by a retailer. Harnessing market share in a competitive market is difficult; hence, most retailers add value to their products by improving the quality of their customer services. This quality is facilitated by investing in training and development programs for the employees, and providing some extra free services to the customers. This may include free delivery of products (Belch Belch, 2011). Retail Selling Retail selling is the essence of doing business in the retail industry. It entails the development of a relationship with the customer and persuading the customer to assume a purchasing behavior that is beneficial to the company. Retail selling focuses on selling merchandise at the most profitable prices and quantity. Retail selling is associated with the sale of small quantities of merchandise to individual customers. The trick is to maintain a loyal market share that can help in the attainment of the objective of the company. Most retailers increase their selling rates by reducing the prices of their merchandise, and providing services that add value to the merchandise. The quality of the merchandise also plays a major role in retaining market share (Belch Belch, 2011). Store layout and design The layout and design of a retail st ore determine the number of sales and the type of products that consumers purchase. A good retailer must develop a store layout that facilitates the arrangement of products in different related categories. The layout should also aim at maximizing the available space. The merchandise should fit on the shelves available; hence space management is a crucial requirement. The design of the store determines the accessibility of the merchandise on display (Belch Belch, 2011). One of the best strategies used by retailers is the placement of enticing and new products near the entry of the store to attract customers. The design of the store should ensure that all the merchandise is clearly displayed. References Belch, G., Belch, M. (2011). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Broekmeulen, R. A. C. M., Bakx, C. H. M. (2010). In-store replenishment procedures for perishable inventory in a retail environment with handl ing costs and storage constraints. Web. Dunne, P., Lusch, R., Carver, J. (2013). Retailing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Sayner, R. (2011). Markups Markdowns. Web. Varley, R. (2006). Retail Product Management: Buying and Merchandising. London: Psychology Press. What are the Key Elements of a Merchandise Planning System? (2015). Web.

Why do directors need to have their duties spelled out in statute Essay

Why do directors need to have their duties spelled out in statute - Essay Example directors must promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members rather than benefiting other group’s interests, but in the same way, have to observe the interests of other groups that contribute to the success of the company such as suppliers. Enshrining the regulations as law in spelling the director’s duties, is meant to formulate a favourable corporate legal environment that offer ease of access to the corporate form, minimum interference with the company management and appropriate investor protection for the overall success of the company (Companies Act 2006, Section 170-177). Advantages The codification of directors’ duties provides a clear working ground that promotes a patent definition of their roles in ensuring that the company achieves greater heights of prosperity and growth. Right from management roles and integrating issues within the market under which the company competes the law provides that directors as trustees should act in the interest of the company’s success. They should have regard to all relevant considerations and highlighting areas of particular importance that will steer the company in heights of growth. Integrating and widening the enterprise culture is an increasing major policy that is upcoming in the United Kingdom. This however is enshrined in coming up with suitable legislation that will govern the directors of business companies in their exercise for the duties. This will help in providing a successful platform for initiatives in businesses to elevate the UK business environment into global standards and making it the best place to do business. The modernization of the company law is a significant drive to facilitate and enhance the UK business enterprises to be competitive in the entire Europe and around the world appropriate investor protection and managerial freedom Directors as Managers of the companies in the UK are expected to ensure that the proposed intervention legislation are modelled to

Article Rebuttal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Article Rebuttal - Essay Example as Anthony Watts have found flaws in the Muller study because his theory does not add any value to the controversy since he does not focus on finding out whether humans are critical variable causing global warming. Global warming is a hot business topic because the governmental environmental regulators are getting stricter as time passes and are imposing new regulations that increase the costs of the company in order to implement the EPA mandates. During the 1990s when the topic of global warming became mainstreamed it was discussed as a threat to society and the government propaganda focused on blaming pollution from cars and industrial activity as the main cause of this phenomenon. Since then society has also realized that deforestation is a major contributor to global warming. The world is using too much paper and they a cutting down trees at an alarming rate. There are technological solutions on the way to lower the dependence of wood to create paper. An innovative company called Papyrus Australia invented a patented technology to produce paper out of the trucks of banana trees. Banana plants are a renewable source. The article lacked substance and critical solutions to the problem of global warming. The author’s arguments were irrational and they failed to bring any relevant new information to the table. The effect of the problem on humanity was not clearly identified. In my opinion the author should have focus more on finding solutions to the problem and stating the types of behavioral changes that have to occur from humanity to lower the effect of global warming and possibly eradicate the problem in the near future. Despite my criticism of the article there was some information that added some value to the discussion of the global warming topic. The author used some historical perspective on the topic which is always a good writing technique. I learned about the existence of a little Ice Age that occurred between 1300 A.D. and 1900 A.D. There were also

Privacy And Security Concerns Regarding Health Information Essay Example for Free

Privacy And Security Concerns Regarding Health Information Essay Case 4.8 – E-mail Goes Astray Primarily, the technician is the one responsible for the breach in confidentiality because he was the one who sent out the e-mails. Moreover, he did not seek instructions from Kaiser Permanente regarding the backlogged e-mails. Kaiser Permanente hired the technician to upgrade their system. Therefore, tasks other than doing upgrades should be consulted to the company. The technician should have asked whether the accumulated e-mails in the system should be sent out, and he should have asked what to do with them. However, Kaiser Permanente is partly responsible for the breach, because first and foremost, since they hold millions of private information, they should have made sure that that information would not be compromised. They should have made their system secure and only accessible to Kaiser Permanente personnel. Yes, situations like this discourage subscribers in using the system of Kaiser Permanente. However, the services that Kaiser Permanente offer is of great value and subscribers will not easily discontinue their subscription. But Kaiser Permanente has to ensure their subscribers that this will not happen in the future by informing them what caused the breach and reassuring them that upgrades are being done to improve the security of the system and the privacy of their information. The most important thing to do here is to be honest and at the same time make great efforts to secure the system of the company. Case 4.17 – Patient’s Files Used for Obscene Calls Definitely, background checks should be conducted before hiring new employees because this would ensure the safety of the clients, especially in the health care industry. Employers should be granted access to criminal records for them to be able to identify the extent of the crime that ex-convicts have committed. Cases such as child rape and indecent assault is a serious crime that should not be disregarded when hiring employees, especially when the job requires dealing with other people, children, etc. such as in the health care institution. Former employees who are given access to system information that are confidential, such as passwords, etc. should be screened out from the system. In other words, once an employee is not connected with the institution anymore, his access to the system should be deleted or reset. In this case, the system of the health care institution is at fault because it failed to keep the information confidential and secure. In this case, the hospital is accountable for the actions of the technician. Primarily because they hired an employee without doing background checks, they do not monitor the system, wherein they could have detected that calls were being made and the information of the clients were being accessed, and the system is not 100 % secure. Case 4.44 – University Tightens Computer Security Because of the wide range of subscribers in university medical centers information systems, it becomes vulnerable to hackers. In this case, they hacked into the system and used it to send hundreds of advertisements in their e-mails. The hackers wanted to target the significant number of subscribers in the system. However, the information within the system is not precisely the target of the breach. It is not entirely the medical center’s fault. This is because hackers do what they do. They find ways to get into the system even if security measures were set-up to avoid breaching the security of an information system. Therefore, even if the system is secure, hackers will really find a way to get into the system. The medical center’s fault was that they were not able to detect that the system was being hacked. They should have upgrades in the system, which will be used in monitoring the system and alarming when hackers breach the system.

Ozone Depletion Essays -- essays research papers

Ozone Depletion In this world of rapid change, it's extremely difficult for a company to stay ahead of the game even using all the resources available to them. So, it's difficult to imagine the problems they would run into when a group of environmentalists decide to boycott a substance which is the foundation of their company. These chemicals, although very useful, cause consequences that need to be dealt with now in order to prevent further damage. The chemicals in question are numerous, but the two gaining the most attention are chloroflurocarbons (CFC's) and carbon tetrachloride. CFC's have a wide range of uses, but are popularly used in aerosol propellants and air conditioning for homes and cars (Singer and Crandall npg). Carbon tetrachloride is one of the major components in making CFC so their damage is similar. When they inter the outer atmosphere, They react with ozone chemicals to release chlorine and bromine that in turn deteriorate the ozone and form "thinning" or "holes." This is catastrophic because they are bonded very strongly together and cannot be broken down by water. This means they travel into the atmosphere virtually unharmed by rain or decomposition (Goldfarb 282). The reason these are causing such a commotion is the damage they cause to living things on Earth. When the ozone depletes, it causes more ultraviolet (UV) rays to hit the Earth's su...

How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the father of psychodynamic therapy. His work built upon what had been done by Brewer before him. One of his patients Anna O labelled his method as being ‘the talking cure'*. During this essay I shall briefly explain Freud's main theories on the human personality and then examine how these can help me to understand and change my life. * An Introduction To Counselling. P80 Freud believed the human psyche is divided into three areas the conscious, preconscious and unconscious*. In the unconscious exists the Id. This is the instinctual life force within us. Two forces are at work within the Id, Eros a drive for love and Thanatos a drive for destruction**. In our day-to-day lives we are unaware of the effects our Id has upon us, Freud argues that hidden forces from the Id govern most of the things we want to do. The Id has no time dimension and memories trapped within it remain emotionally charged***. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 ** Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 *** Mastering Psychology. P242 The Ego helps to mediate between the Id and the outside world, known as the ‘reality principle'*. It is the part of ourselves, which enables us to fit into society. It takes on board social norms and lets the Id have its way when it will be practically possible and allowable by society. * Mastering Psychology. P242 From society and our parents we develop the Superego. This provides us with a ‘moral principle'*. It is basically the internalisation of parental and societal rules. The Superego is largely unconscious though we do become aware of certain thing when they move into the preconscious. * Mastering Psychology. P243 Through psychodynamic therapy I discovered that I had repressed many memories. I believe these were being stored in my unconscious. These memories were having a profound effect upon my life although I did not realise this at the time. I went through almost seven years of bullying when I was at school. When I left school and continued with my life I was always aware of this fact but I had lost many of the details over time and could not recall much about it. When I reached twenty years of age I developed clinical depression and had panic attacks. I was forced leave university with only six months left to completion. My home became my sanctuary and for a period of three months I did not leave it. Through many years of differing therapy I have begun to understand more about what happened within my mind to bring me to that point. The memories I had storied in my unconscious, though I was largely unaware of them, were distorting my view of the world. It was â€Å"frightening outside†; I could â€Å"get hurt if I left home†. These were not a realistic feeling about my current circumstances but were a reflection of the fears I had held during the time of my bullying. I was extremely depressed because I felt â€Å"useless†, â€Å"ugly† and that my life was â€Å"pointless†. Again I now feel that these thoughts grew from trapped memories. I had been called many names whilst at school; I had been treated very badly facing physical harm on a daily basis. I was treated as an outcast by nearly everyone; I was spat at, ignored, teased and put down. During therapy I began to see in my mind a monster. It was black with red eyes. I had often had nightmares involving such a creature. Freud regarded dreams as â€Å"the royal road to the unconscious†*. He placed great emphasis upon analysing them, and along with free association dreams became the centre of his psychoanalysis methods. Freud believed that dreams where a sign of the unconscious mind at work and proof that his theories were correct. * Freud – A Beginners Guide p25 & p57 Over time I realised that this monster contained all of the negative emotions other people had placed onto me. Even seven years after the bullying stopped this monster was still telling me I was useless and ugly and deserved no more than to be beaten up. Through therapy memories slowly began to emerge from out of the unconscious. It was very painful at first as the strength of feeling contained in the memories was so strong. Overtime these feelings have weakened, I still believe there are some buried memories but many have now risen out of my Id and have been largely dealt with in my conscious. I don't believe the monster has gone but I seem to have taken much of its power away. I believe my Ego is caught up in this tangled web as well. I feel that while I was at school I may have internalised some of the negatives messages into my Ego. In some ways my Ego stopped looking after me. Through psychodynamic therapy I have begun to rebuild my Ego almost teaching it that the things that happened to me were not my fault and that I do deserve to be looked after by myself, through my Ego. Freud divided a child's life into a number of differing developmental stages. Stage one is the oral phase*. Normally occurring between being born and around two years of age. It involves a discovery of your world and surroundings through the use of your mouth. Sucking to feed provides both nutrients and closeness with mother. Any available object will be tested by being placed in the mouth and explored that way. Mastering Psychology. P247, Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, An Introduction To Counselling. P81 Personally I have no memories of this period in my own life. It is thought though that people sometimes fall back into child like behaviour to receive comfort from these things. I smoke and therefore enjoy the aspect of putting a cigarette in my mouth and sucking it tending to do this most when stressed. Some people argue this is regressive behaviour and links back into my oral stage. The second stage occurs between the ages of two to four. Called the Anal Stage* it is the period when a child discovers that he/she produces faeces. Apparently the child then experiments with control. Being able to both let go and hold on to the faeces. Freud argued that if parents handle this stage of development badly a child could become afraid of letting go of things as they grew older or overly controlling. Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, Mastering Psychology. P247 The phallic stage* develops between the ages of four to seven. Freud argued that the genitals become the main interest or focus to the child during this period. It is also during this time that the Superego develops. This is the time when Freud's infamous Oedipus* and Electra Complexes* are said to occur. Teach Yourself Counselling. P124. Mastering Psychology. P247 Little boys will fall in love with their mother and girls with their father. Girls will develop penis envy and hate their mother for not giving them one. Boys will hate their father believing that he wishes to castrate them and stop them being with their mother. After this latency will set in, this period is believed to be the best time for children to learn. Then puberty starts and Freud believed that the whole process repeats itself thus enabling any damage incurred during the first time round to be repaired. I can imagine that during puberty these processes had a difficult time repairing any damage to me, as it was during this time that I was being bullied. I can't directly link any of this to the three stages but from experience I know that damage done during this time is far more difficult to deal with than damage done later in life when the personality is fully formed. In this final stage of the essay I shall examine four of Freud's ideas on how the mind copes with experiences it does not want to deal with, these are called defences. Freud listed over twenty-five differing defences created by the mind to protect itself. The first one I shall look at is repression. Repression is when memories are hidden in the unconscious. The Ego may not have been able to cope with the events attached to the memory and so stored them away where the person could not access them. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P183/184. Mastering Psychology. P245. This is sometimes known as Ego Censorship*. Personally this is one defence I feel I have had a lot of experience with. Most of my time at school was somehow lost. My two best friends, who were at school with me, would talk about fellow students, teaches and events involving the three of us and I would have no recollection what so ever of what they were talking about. * Counselling course class notes Many of the things that happened to me I only began to remember after they spoke about them. It was very strange, almost as if they were talking about people and places I had never been. It was quite a disconcerting experience. The experience would come into my conscious at sometimes though. Through dreams certain memories would come alive. If I was extremely depressed suddenly a dam would break and a flood of bad memories would pour on top of me and yet the next day I would not be able to recall what they were. Another defence is regression*. This is the idea that people sometimes return to behaviour linked with the developmental stages. This can involve many things including crying, taking to ones bed or comfort eating. As I said earlier smoking is also connected with this as it is seen as an oral behaviour. It is noticeable that many people including myself smoke far more when stressed. * An Introduction To Counselling. P84. Teach Yourself Counselling. P183. I do recall, at the time of my worst depression that I took to my bed, often lying in the foetal position and crying. It was comforting in some way. As if I was safer lying in my bed than having to be in the world outside. It reminds me of the time when at night I suddenly feel scared in the dark on the way back from the bathroom but I know when I get into bed and covered up again I will be quite safe. It is also quite possible from personal experience to deny painful events. Denial* is a term, which has become very mainstream; he or she is in denial. Looking back on my life I can see a number of times when I was living in denial. One of my partners who I was with for about six months was patently not for me. I knew this deep down but did not want to be alone and so I denied it. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179. I continued in the relationship feeling more and more unhappy though not allowing myself to see the real reason, which I did actually know. Eventually the other person ended it and I was forced to deal with life without that partner. It did not take long to realise that I was much happier without them than I was with them but I had not allowed myself to see any possibility of a happy life without them in it. I think everyone has been guilty of displacement at one time in his or her life. Displacement* is when a person replaces the true object of their emotions with another. If someone is angry they may kick a door instead of kicking the person they are angry with. In a sense this defence can be seen as a very positive thing. The Ego allowing aggression out where it will do less harm all round. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179/180 So during this essay I have briefly examined some of Freud's theories on human development and growth and thought about how these theories can help me to see my life in a different way. In some cases they already have as I have done psychodynamic therapy for some time now. Other areas of his theories leave me slightly baffled and cold, as they strike no resonance with me, though it may be argued that that's because I don't want them to.

Robespierre, The French Revolution And The Symbol Of Evil...

Those people of the past that are studied as â€Å"historical figures† – major and minor – make up a virtually insignificant portion of the people that have inhabited the earth since the beginning of civilization. And yet to die without a memorable legacy is much more desirable a fate than to be remembered with enduring hatred for what one accomplished and stood for during life. Certainly, there are many who deserve to be remembered with spite – people whose beliefs and actions were unacceptable whether evaluated in a modern context or that of their own period. And yet still some are hated for centuries, mainly due to having made powerful enemies while alive. Maximilien Robespierre, who is often regarded as the leading figure of the French Revolution and the symbol of violent excess during that period, was one such person. Although the view of Robespierre within the historical community has softened (to a certain degree), he remains a personification of ev il in the public mind. For example, the first result of a quick Google search for â€Å"most evil people† includes a list of 25 historical figures, with Robespierre at no. 17, ahead of others such as Adolf Eichmann, Heinrich Himmler, and Osama bin Laden. While this website is by no means a scholarly source, it serves to underline the way in which the average person views Robespierre in a grossly inaccurate fashion. The legacy that was created for Robespierre by political opponents who used him as a scapegoat is not at all one thatShow MoreRelatedHow Revolutionaries Consolidated their Political Power in France During The French Revolution1096 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate the view that revolutionaries consolidated power: Introduction Following the French Revolution, the National Convention and Robespierre as the head of the Committee of Public Safety, employed drastic measures to achieve their goals, however managed to successfully consolidate power as demonstrated by the overall success of the revolution. Whilst the revolution itself was a momentous undertaking, nothing was quite as dramatic as the execution of King Louis XVI that was orchestrated by theRead MoreThe War Of The Revolution1951 Words   |  8 PagesKay Chop Concide Hacher 10/5/17 In a futile attempt to protect the French Revolution from utter destruction, the revolutionary radicals decreed the Terror the â€Å"order of the day† (Danton 45) in an effort to â€Å"force people to be free.† The Terror did not pervert Revolutionary ideals but was a result of a necessary amplification of these ideas in order to ensure the safety of the Revolution. Louis Antoine Saint-Just, a French revolutionary stated that â€Å"what produces the general good is always terrible†Read MoreThe Implementation of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Philosophy by Maximilien Robespierre and His Purposed Reaction Had He Lived to Witness It6564 Words   |  27 PagesPerhaps one of the most influential figures during the French Revolution was a man by the name of Maximilien Robespierre. Instrumental especially at the onset of the Revolution, a period referred to as the Reign of Terror, Robespierre drew on the insights of many Enlightenment philosophers and was a strong advocate f or the left wing bourgeoisie. However, despite his efficacious leadership and sentiment, much of what he encouraged to the masses is based off the writings and teachings of one EnlightenmentRead MoreCommunism And The Communist Manifesto3222 Words   |  13 Pagesterrible mistreatment of the Bourgeoisie (elite). Many leaders did not take the Communist Manifesto seriously, and followed and practiced Marxism. Possibly one of the most prominent people who did so was Mao Zedong, Mao was quoted, â€Å"If there is to be revolution, there must be a revolutionary party. Without a revolutionary party, without a party built on the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary theory and in the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary†. Mao was all for Marxism and followed what Marx said to do.(RevolutionaryRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pagessecond generation Romantics like Shelleys Ode to the West Wind or The Mask of Anarchy to verify this. The same is true of Romantic Gothic which arose around that unique period in European history posthumously defined by the French Revolution but significant for its trans-European massive cultural and social upheaval indicated in part by repeated rioting in Britain (Lowe, vii) and a widespread clamour for various reforms. Victor Sage writes, English Gothick of the eighteenth

Facing The Challenges Of Privatization Today Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3785 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In 1952 two different companies Shell Petroleum Company and Burmah Oil Company, UK signed an agreement with the Indian Government to prepare a new refinery in Mumbai and the name of the refinery was Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd. In 1957 it started and worked in a proper flow, In 1976 Indian Government changed their policy and nationalized the petroleum industry. Indian Government acquired the complete equity in Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd and changed from Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd to Bharat Refineries Ltd. In 1977 the Indian Government again changed its name to Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL). Industry Environment Indian governments acquired BPCL in 1970 in the act of nationalisation arrangement of Indian governments. In 1991 It was monitored and under the supervision of government till economic reorganizations. Government monitored the all the expenses, raw materials and the end products purchase and selling price, manufacture capacity, uses of the raw materials, circulation, and what is the return on investment were monitored by the government. Three main combined marketing and purifying companies were there at that time and many small and independent companies were supplying their product to these companies. Government improved their strategy for work and enlarged the distribution network in all over the country, like setup new retail outlets to reduce the competition along with their competitor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Facing The Challenges Of Privatization Today Business Essay" essay for you Create order Privatization As a part of the ongoing economic reforms the government was actively pursuing privatization of the public sector companies. A couple of senior managers state Privatization is a slight that will happen. One cant bother too much about the future without knowing what is going to happen. It is inevitable and we cant do about it. We dont know what will happen to BPCL and us. Tomorrow we may not exist as BPCL. We might become a part of Shell or Reliance or some other organization. The impeding competition as well as the uncertainty of existence in the present form created anxiety in the organization across all levels. Some considered it to be an opportunity where as others considered it as a let down by the government and the organization. The organization initiated numerous changes in order to transform itself to face the future competition. Initiation of the Restructuring Process The initiation for restructuring the organization was by the personal initiative of the CMD Mr. U Sundararajan. He had earlier been appointed by the government to study the petroleum industry in other countries as a preamble for deregulation. He had formed a cross well-designed team for studying the effectiveness of the models followed by different countries. Mr. Sundararajan and the team studied more than two hundred books and numerous articles on deregulation, oil industry and best practices. Mr. Sundararajan realized the inability of his organization to compete with MNCs with deregulation. He started the reorganization process through discussions with the top management, the board and the government The path which BPCL LTD choose to face the competition and initiatives taken in terms of organizational Behaviour has been assessed in this assignment. For the purpose of analyzing the focus was laid down on key aspects of organization behavior which are organizational structur e, change of team and organizational culture and climate in terms of Coaches of Organizational Learning which can be correlated to the case. Coaches of Organizational Learning Consultants from Innovation Associates (a subsidiary of ADL) initially trained a group of trainer in systems idea and organizational education. A team of around thirty full time coaches and more than sixty part time coaches were trained in turn by these. These coaches conducted two programs namely Visionary Leadership Planning (VLP) and Foundations of Organisational Learning (FOL). More than six hundred managers have undergone VLP and more than five thousand management and non-management staff have undergone FOL. VLP program is designed to help teams clarify and understand reasons for their unique existence, co-create team aspirations, realistically assess current reality and formulate a Strategy to cover up the gap. The teams identify High Leverage Results they are passionate about and assign responsibilities to a few members with the whole team agreeing to support the process. FOL program is designed to create a common language of learning in organizations. The coaches were instr umental in creating a non-threatening atmosphere for change and also in providing the inputs on systems thinking and learning organization, enabling effectiveness of the various task forces empowered for quick result changes. One of the trainer states We have applied for instructor education with skeptism. We later realized the importance of systems ideas and organizational education. The first program was a mind opening experience. The inputs on functional silos reflected our organization. Now we are hardcore followers of systems ideas. Communication Communication played a important role during out the change process. A bulletin was promoted that provided usual updates to the whole organization about the visioning exercise, the assessment of current reality, status of the quick fix opportunities and the new structure. In every stage the break through teams had a high level of interaction with the concerned divisions. The informal channel of communication was also taken care of by including community from all realistic constituencies in the change break through teams. A top down approach was used to communicate the change plan with help from the break through team members. One CUSECS member reiterates Communication played a fundamental role in CUSECS project. The common updates through the newsletter and informal communication through the members to their parent departments was useful in updating the whole organization quickly. We identified enablers in each department, people who are opinion shapers and we particularly e mbattled them. We convinced them first and then asked them to communicate to others about the change Top Management Involvement The CMD was occupied throughout the reorganization process. He communicated his hold to the change activities by personal involvement, and regular appreciation to the change management team and the particular task forces. He played the role of a mentor to the team members. He also interacted with a large number of employees during the visioning, assessment and finishing point stages. Young managers recount stories of his support to the change team, where he gave total freedom to come up with creative ideas and safe guarded them from backlashes from well-known constituencies. Mr. Sundararajan recalls In the prime period I talked to lots of group of people regarding the need for reorganization. The leader has to act not just talk. Lip service will not work for long. If individual says one will take of care of the subordinates then one has to when something happens Change Opportunities for Quick Results During the assessment process, the break through teams identified many opportunities where small changes were likely to produce foremost results. Special task forces for working on the identified opportunities were created and started working in equivalent. The job forces were provided with adequate training and were in constant communication with the break through teams. At one point of time there were more than six hundred task forces working across the organization on thousands of opportunities identified in the change plan. Market study, brand building, packaging, operational efficiency of plants, correct quantity and quality of products, cash collections, and safety are some areas where task forces worked to produce quick results. Creating a Shared Vision The visioning exercise was conducted to develop clarity and common understanding about the potential of the association. The visioning work out started with the panel. The exercise was extended across the company in a escalation approach flowing from the top management to the junior management facilitated by internal experts trained particularly for the same. The core of the vision as articulated by the organizational members across the organization is given below. Be the BEST Establish first class brands and Make the workplace exciting corporate image Improve boundary management Excellent customer care and service Fulfill social responsibilities, to Go for excellent performance and ethical operational efficiency Apply the best technology. Make people a source of improvement Make systems strong and dynamic. Below figure elaborates the nine broad themes in the shared vision of BPCL. The visioning exercise provided an opportunity for articulation of the aspirations of the people. The process brought the whole organization out of lethargy, and increased the energy levels and expectations on persons, teams and the company. Since the vision was iterated throughout the organization, there was greater buy in for the change. One of the managers states We were all amazed that the vision was so much in unison across the organization. It clearly stated that people had great aspirations but never expressed them. This exercise made us realize the possibilities for the future of BPCL. Change Plan Based on the inputs from the shared vision and current reality, a workshop was conducted to develop a change plan. The change plan came to six volumes with over one thousand and six hundred pages. The change plan included the Organizational assessment Well defined corporate values Vision articulated in terms of critical business processes, and Areas of change to achieve the vision Organizational Assessment Current Reality Based on the initial diagnosis by the CUSECS team and the visioning workshop for top management, it was decided that an organization wide assessment exercise would be conducted simultaneously with the shared visioning exercise. Six break through teams were formed. The teams were responsible for assessing the organizational reality in terms of Marketing, Lubricants and Refining Support services and management Logistics processes LPG. The marketing team looked at the customer management processes, product management processes and execution management processes. The refining team compared the effectiveness of the refinery; lube oil processing and LPG plants with the best international players taking into account the machinery age and technology employed. Various performance parameters like crude acquisition, energy consumption, and capital expenditure were assessed. The logistics team also looked at the existing logistics infrastructure, economics of supply and distributio n, opportunities for cost reduction, supply points vs. consumption centers, impact of taxes and duty, and comparison with benchmarks and competitors. The LPG team compared the LPG marketing with that of the international and local competitors. The customer base, pricing policies, interface between the customer and marketing and future plans were critically reviewed. The lubricants team analyzed the organizational competitive position in comparison to the competition. It also looked at the packaging, pricing, branding, trade channels, the existing joint venture arrangements, and future plans. The team responsible for support services and management processes evaluated the human resource practices (for example work culture, HR processes, training and development, and appraisal and compensation), the information systems (for example use of different software packages, integration and use of IT), and accounting practices in terms of clarity, speed and cost. The break through te ams also assessed the organizational structure in terms of roles and responsibilities, levels and accountability, human resource development in terms of training, appraisal and compensation. Each team interacted with all the stakeholders concerned including the unions, suppliers, distributors, customers, financial institutes, local communities, government officials, and so on. Assessment was carried out in a non- threatening manner, with constant and rich communication of the activities carried out by the break through teams. The assessment exercise created an internal environment for change. The organizational assessment exercise found the following Collective dissatisfaction with the status quo Low customer focus and customer orientation Huge gap between the vision and capabilities to achieve it, and Many opportunities for quick improvement Change Team A change team was formed with twenty-two managers nominated from various functions across levels. The team size grew to thirty as the project progressed. The team members had varied performance records, educational qualifications and experience. The CMD did not believe in giving importance to those with higher degrees over others. His philosophy was to provide an opportunity to average people in an empowered and enabled environment to achieve great results. Mr. Sundararajan says Initially when we formed the change team I asked for nominations from various departments and they nominated all kinds of people. I did not nominate the best mangers in BPCL because I have observed many times in my career, if people are given the right environment and opportunities they would rise up to it. And my faith was not misplaced. These youngsters did a wonderful job. The change project was titled CUSECS for Customer Service Customer Satisfaction. The consultant ADL trained the CUSECS team. The training included topics like negotiations, interpersonal effectiveness, presentations, systems thinking, and best practices. The CUSECS team was provided with all the information and support required to develop skills in diagnosis, change strategy formulation, organization design, and implementation. Those who could not take up the huge workload and stress were requested to leave and join their parent departments. The team conducted a short diagnosis of the organizational issues with facilitation by consultants and made presentations to the top management. One of the CUSECS team members state: We were initially frustrated and unable to understand why ADL wanted us to think through everything ourselves, rather than telling us what is best. Later, we appreciated their approach in enabling us to think and decide for ourselves what is best for the organization. We were trained exhaustively starting from presentation skills, negotiation skills to systems thinking and so on. Designing the New Structure There was a clear consensus among the change management team, top management team and the consultants that the functional structure would not be able to sustain initiatives taken to create the customer centric organization. The obvious solution was to create customer centric strategic business units (SBUs). The change management team with assistance of the consultants considered various options. The redesign process took about a month. The CMD was personally involved in this. To prevent any interference from day to day activities he officially took leave and was present as a resource person. The change team discussed the various choices in structure with all the stakeholders. There were apprehensions among senior managers regarding the new structure and no consensus emerged on the new structure. Politicking and power plays were observed, with each function trying to retain the existing status in terms of power and control. Finally the CMD personally called for a meeting of the func tional heads and other senior managers. Asking the group to discuss, negotiate and come with a concrete solution acceptable to everyone, he locked the room and waited outside. Finally a design was approved that was acceptable to all. The final structure was not the optimum structure as envisioned by the change team but one acceptable to all the members of the top management team. Implementation The new structure was rolled out in phased manner to ensure effective implementation. The new structure was first implemented in the LPG SBU. Based on the experience, the new design was implemented across the organization with necessary modifications. Further, in each of the proposed SBUs specific regions were identified and the new structure was implemented to verify the smooth functioning before full implementation. Organizational Structure The older structure was functionally organized. There were mainly four functions (refineries, marketing, finance and personnel) each headed by an executive director reporting to the (CMD). Other support departments like corporate affairs, legal, audit, vigilance, coordination and company secretary were directly under the CMD. The Director refinery was in charge of refinery, corporate planning, JV refineries and special projects. Other than corporate finance and marketing finance EDP was also under the Director finance. In marketing, there were different departments for retail, industry, LPG, lubricants and aviation segments. Corporate communication was also under Director meeting. The whole of India was divided into four regions and further into 22 divisions. Each region was headed by a Regional Manager who was in charge of all activities within the region and reported to the Director marketing. Each region had a manager in charge of each of regional personnel, regional engin eering, regional industrial customers, regional retail, and regional finance. Regional LPG was under regional industrial customers. The division was the responsibility of the Divisional Manager reporting to the Regional Manager. He had a manager each for sales, operations and engineering. Each of these was responsible for sales, depots and engineering respectively for all the customer segments. Across the marketing function, except for the corporate departments (LPG, industrial customer, etc.) specifically looking after a customer segment, every individual and role is focused on multiple customer segments. For example any strategy addressing the industrial customers originates from the Corporate Department (Industrial Customer), goes via the Director Marketing, Regional Manager, Divisional Manager to the Sales Officer. All of them are responsible for multiple customer segments like retail, LPG, industrial, etc. and deal with different classes of customers. Hence there was very lo w customer awareness in terms of the unique needs of the different customer segments, with no single individual at the operational level having clarity on any single customer segment. Moreover, the marketing strategy was formulated by people who were far from the customer with very low understanding of the customer they were targeting. The implementers were responsible for diverse customers with a low understanding of the logic of these strategies meant for each customer segment. Thus the old structure had created a bottleneck between the strategy formulators and implementers in terms of the regional structure, and between the field staff and the corporate offices and refinery. Activities of a business process are spread out across different functions and levels of hierarchy, engaging many individuals. There was a long chain of non-value adding linkages between any two activities targeting a business / customer. For example, when an industrial customer gives a special order of lu bes to the sales officer, the corporate lubes purchases the base oil, plant blends it, SD packs it and the sales officer sells it. The Sales Officer would communicate the order to the Divisional Manager, who passes it on to the Regional Manager. Then the order would be routed to the Corporate Lubes for processing. Everyone involved in the activities of this process belong to different functions and hierarchy levels. This long chain of communication had led to a lack of customer orientation, low awareness of customer needs and expectations and slow response. The New SBU Structure The new structure was focused on the business processes and the customer. The new structure at the top management level is the same. Five SBUs Retail, Lubes, Industry/Commercial, LPG and Aviation are customer centered SBUs and come under the director (marketing). The sixth SBU, Refinery along with two new departments IT Supply Chain and RD are under the director (refineries). Each SBU would have its own HR, IS, finance, logistics, sales, engineering, etc. The number of layers in the organization was reduced to four from six or seven. The major change is the introduction of the territories covering a smaller geographical area and focusing on specific customer segments. In retail SBU the new structure had 669 territories reporting to the four regional offices, where as in the earlier structure there were only 22 divisions which catered to all segments. In other SBUs the regional office was removed and territories were designed to directly report to the SBU heads. Each territo ry team leader was responsible for sales in the territory only for a specific product. The territory structure was designed to enable the field staff to focus on specific customer segments. Authority was also delegated down the hierarchy and decision making pushed to the lowest possible levels. Decisions earlier taken at the regional level were taken now at the territory level. Further authority was delegated to the role and not the hierarchy level. Administrative offices have been moved to supply locations that consist of 125 terminals for main fuels and 35 LPG bottling ones. In LPG SBU head office there are only nine personnel and across the territories even managers at senior positions have been forced to get business. The new design incorporated recalibration of roles and responsibilities and redeployment of more than two thousand people (around one fifth of total employee strength) across the organization. It created new roles at the front effectively using redundant manpower t o increase customer interface and interaction. Since the corporate and support functions are now located within the SBUs the new design included lateral linkage mechanisms (see Appendix C). Governance Councils, Process Councils, and Task forces (to address specific organizational issues) were the mechanisms for integrating the different parts of the organization. Some Salient Features of New Structure were Highly empowered work force Decentralized decision making De-linking of authority from hierarchical levels Orientation towards internal and external customers Regular market research and customer surveys Conscious brand building efforts Organizational Structure before redesign Organizational Structure after redesign Conclusion Bharat Petroleum believes long term relationship with their customer to reorientation and change in approach with the customers. Today, Bharat Petroleum is restructured into a Corporate Centre, Strategic Business Units (SBUs) and Shared Services and Entities. From the last many years Bharat Petroleum continues face many challenges of the quickly changing environment. Bharat petroleum make advance and changes their products and services according to the changing environment. In day by day changing in bharat petroleum only one factor has remained unchanged this is Bharat Petroleums employees which are the source of strength and motivation of Bharat Petroleums in their future innovations. Bharat Petroleum wants their employees to understand the complexity of the market, customers requirements, and offer the innovative products to meets the customers requirements. For Bharat Petroleum, promise by its staffs is a critical resource. BPCL believe that only a cheerful worker will pla ce his best result and a good relationship with the customs, Bharat Petroleum deployed and also will plan to implement several steps to make the organisation a great place to work or worker get best organisation environment. Hewitt Associates conducted a survey for Business Today magazine in the January 2001 issue to identify the best employers, and in this survey Bharat Petroleum was one of top ten employers in India. The main motive of the survey was to discover out which companies had really charged the expressive and intellectual energy of their employees. The companies who were in the top list were Hughes, ICICI, P and G, Asian Paints, Hewlett-Packard, HLL, Infosys, LG and Compaq. Bharat Petroleum adopts significant value-based HR methods for growth of individuals and their organisational skills with a assessment to provide them with a competitive edge and also to realise their private vision in tandem with the commercial vision. Bharat Petroleum has been conferred the Na tional HRD Award 2000 by National HRD Network for making Outstanding Contribution to HRD. At the National Petroleum Management Programme (NPMP) on Excellence in Creativity and Innovation (1999-2000), Bharat Petroleum employees bagged all the three awards in the individual category, along with four certificates of recognition in the team category.