Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example In this regard, for AllPharm in its unique place, adaptability and inter-departmental integration seem to be the most important factors affecting how well AllPharm fulfils the requirements for meeting its target. Vision and Values As stated earlier the core objective of any for-profit organization is earning profit for its shareholders. However how this profit is desired to be earned over time is prescribed by the vision of its owners. The pharmaceutical industry is on a high in this era and is considered an ever-green industry – that sees up and downs but can never go into a recession because the medical needs of human beings never end. For this reason, AllPharm’s vision has a substantial emphasis on sustainability and growth. And because of this vision, its reputation among its customers and employer unions is vital to its long-term interests. This is why AllPharm has an assertive code of ethics that is intended to be followed by employees from top to bottom in its or ganizational hierarchy. The company has a stated policy that it â€Å"values its customers as human beings more than it wants to provide them value for service as customers.† It is mandatory for office managers to display a printed code of ethics on notice-boards in every office and on walls in the production facilities and laboratories. The Human Capital Management division staff is regularly briefed on the importance of incorporation of human attributes in addition to candidate portfolio in the selection criteria for hopeful applicants for jobs at the company. Upper Hierarchy There are broadly three floors of management in any sizable organization, namely the top or governance level, the departmental management and the lower or direct personnel management. For an effective top-down approach to governance it is imperative that every post have as few subordinates as possible; this is the basic principle of AllPharm’s administrative structure. The President has no more than two Directors working under him. Hence the operations of the company are divided into two main categories: Production and Marketing. Together the two Directors and the President comprise the executive branch in the organizational structure. The President’s main responsibilities include devising developmental policies based on continuing market research and resource availability, supervising the Quality Control department, moulding production practices based on the latest legal stipulations and allocating staff and resources based on his own judgement of the overall industrial scenario. The Directors each take care of completely separate functions of the organization and integration and communication between the two departments is maintained by the liaison officers of the Sales Department. Both the Directors are accountable for all their position-based responsibilities except looking after staff lower than that working directly under them. This is the crux of an employee relationship principle that AllPharm has adopted known in the organization as the â€Å"charity begins at home† principle. Service Structure In the mid-level management structure AllPharm has four General Managers, specifically for Manufacturing, and Quality Control, which fall under the supervision of

Student Satisfaction in Pakistani Universities Essay Example for Free

Student Satisfaction in Pakistani Universities Essay A Study on Student Satisfaction in Pakistani Universities: The Case of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan Muhammad Nauman Abbasi Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [emailprotected] edu. pk Ali Malik Senior Lecturer, Department of Accounting, Finance Economic University of Hertfordshire Business School, United Kingdom E-mail: m. a. 1. [emailprotected] ac. uk Imran Sharif Chaudhry (Corresponding author) Associate professor, Department of Economics Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [emailprotected] edu. pk Muhammad Imdadullah Department of Statistics Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Received: October 19, 2010 Abstract This study measures the level of student satisfaction with current services offered by Pakistani universities. The exploration and comparison of possible differences in terms of level of satisfaction across gender and various programs/disciplines formulate key objectives. General survey guided by well structured questionnaire through connivance sampling has been administered across a valuable sample of 401 students. Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) has been selected as sample case and data was collected from eighteen different disciplines and/or programs. Ten major constructs i. e. teaching, administrative/management support, transportation, library, computer labs general labs, accommodation, medical; sports, prayer/religious facilities, and class room facilities were used. Mean analysis reflect student dissatisfied with many core services facilities like teaching, administrative support, library, labs, accommodation, medical, and sports, while satisfaction has been reported only in three augmented areas like transportation, class room and prayer facilities. Quite interestingly, no significant differences of opinion have been recorded among male or female respondents. Overall, satisfaction level is alarming low and results indicate dissatisfaction of university students on educational services offered by Pakistani universities. Keywords: Students’  satisfaction, Higher education, University services 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to determine satisfaction level of the students studying in Pakistani universities. As a matter of fact, student satisfaction has never been considered as an issue of importance by educational authorities nor regarded as a matter of survival by higher education institutions. This is evident form the fact that the impact of educational services provided by a university on the satisfaction level of its students has largely been an area Accepted: February 12, 2011 doi:10. 5539/ass. v7n7p209 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 209 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 that remains unexplored. Higher education institutions especially universities are like practice grounds where students learn and acquire all necessary skills and abilities that potential employers out there in job market sought. To ensure that this is the case, universities tend to bundle their offerings which includes; i). core services i. e. knowledge, intellectual abilities, interpersonal skills, and communication skills, ii). actual services i. e. degrees like undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate through regular teaching and research, and iii). augmented services including infrastructure i. e. building, transportation/logistics facilities, libraries, labs, computer labs, hostel/boarding facilities, medical, sports, and class room facilities coupled with administrative support. It can be convincingly argued that student satisfaction with tangible and intangible offering at universities is vital for them to acquire those skills and abilities that can satisfy needs of those next in the chain i.e. employers and society. In Pakistan, higher education institutions are under immense pressure since the establishment of Higher Education Commission (HEC). The HEC initiated reforms in 2002 providing universities with necessary resources like unlimited access of digital libraries, high speed internet and incredible range of local and international research scholarships programs. These reforms have changed the educational climate of the country while technology has helped to improve the range of teaching and learning tools. On one side the Commission is facilitating higher education institutions, and on the other side working for the enhancement of quality of education in the country. This double edge sword i. e. higher education expansion and high quality of higher education has spurred a drive to improve and enhance quality standards. Resultantly, this has created a distinct â€Å"sphere of opportunities†, simulated among students, teachers and the market. The authors are of the view that this sphere of opportunities, if follows the principle of quality, will leads to educational revolution in the country. In Pakistan, there are 124 universities of which 68 (55%) are in public sector, whereas 56 (45%) are in private sector. The total enrolment in the universities is 741,092 of which 637,037 (86%) is in public sector, whereas, 104,055 (14%) is in private sector. The total male enrolment in the universities is 398,967 (54%), whereas, the female enrolment is 342,125 (46%). The total teachers in the universities are 46,893, out of which 38,266 (82%) are in public and 8,627 (18%) are in private sector (Statistics, 2007-2008). Observing the facts, considerable students i. e. 741,092 have been enrolled during the academic year 2007-2008. The question underlying in this study is whether Pakistani students are satisfied with the academic, administrative, and logistics support provided by their respective higher education institution. To measure personal satisfaction of the university students, this study has been initiated to empirically measure the phenomenon taking Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (BZU) as case. 2. Literature Review Kotler et al. (2009, p.120) define satisfaction as ‘a person’s feeling of pleasure that result from comparing a product’s perceived performance (or outcome) to their expectation’. It means if the performance matches the expectation, the customer will be satisfied. In the context of higher education, the matter of satisfaction is what students expect from their educational institution, in fact, everything that makes them eligible to become productive and successful person in their practical lives. Reid (2008) has classified few basic characteristics that employers normally seek from university graduate. These include knowledge, intellectual abilities, ability to work in modern organizations, interpersonal skills, and communication skills (Reid, 2008). In addition, there are other invisible characteristics required by the market and that include: willingness to learn, be participative and positive to work in teams, problem solving skills, analytical abilities, leadership qualities, adaptability, flexibility, ability to summarize key issues, and last but not least the ability to be productive and loyal team/organizational member. The attainment of these skills and abilities is what parents expect when they decide to send their children for higher education in universities. The question under consideration here is if university graduates are provided necessary facilities that make their experience conducive and attainment of necessary skills and abilities possible. This is crucial not only to students’ individual success but the success of economy of the country on the whole as well. In this regard, Umbach and Porter (2002) argued that institutional impact on the students’ outcome is still unknown, and if anything is known, that is somewhat contradictory. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that different academic disciplines vary in term of their application of practical problems, cognitive processes, faculty time commitment and scholarly output. Hence, it is quite difficult to conclude institutional impact on students’ outcome. However, among the earlier researchers, Cameron and Ettington (1988) and Hartnett and Centra (1977) measured the impact of departmental culture and climate on students’ leaning and satisfaction. Much of the current knowledge on student satisfaction can be traced from studies during a period of unrest in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Betz et al.1970; Pervin, 1967). Interestingly, the focus of these early studies was the 210 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 level of satisfaction as opposed to cause of satisfaction (see for example, Bean and Bradley, 1986). In literature, there exists an interesting debate suggesting that students’ expectation build prior to enrolment in a college or university, while satisfaction exists during his/her stay in college or university. For example, Palacio et al. (2002) suggest that student expectation normally build even before entering the university. The image of an institution affects students’ mindset that in turn affects their decision to enroll in that particular institution that later on directly affects students’ satisfaction with the institution. However, Carey et al. (2002) stressed that satisfaction actually covers issues of students’ perception and experiences during their academic years. This has been supported by Kara (2004) who employed empirical data and conceptual model to prove that students’ college experience is positively related to their satisfaction and intentions to stay at college or university. Earlier, Keaveney and Clifford (1997) have presented students satisfaction and retention model. According to this model, faculty, advising staff and class room facilities normally shape student practical college experience and therefore considered key satisfaction and retention components. Researchers have also measured students’ satisfaction in context of many tangible and intangible elements and characteristics. For example, Feldman and Newcomb (1969) and Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) have explored relationship between student learning experiences and their learning, development and satisfaction. Pike (1994) and Pace (1979) have suggested alumni satisfaction as an excellent tool for assessing the effects of educational institution on students. Based on the studies of Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) and Umbach and Porter (2002), it is stated that intellectual and personal developments are among key satisfaction outcomes of educational institutions. Moreover, they found variables like faculty contact with students, research emphasis, and proportion of female students had significant impact on student satisfaction. Ewell (1989) has observed negative correlation between institutional culture and its impact on student performance. The contradiction exits in literature regarding relationship between grades and students satisfaction. Authors like Liu and Jung (1980) and Pike (1991) have observed moderate relationship, while Bean and Bradley (1986) found no relationship at all. However, Centra and Rock (1983) and Lavin (1965) observed significant relationship between grades and student satisfaction. On the other hand, limited attempts have been made to measure impact of gender, ethnicity, race, religion, and migrations from one educational institution to another, on student satisfaction. However, existing evidence reports less satisfaction among female students as compared to male students (for example, Rienzi et al. 1993). Numerous studies have addressed the issue of service quality and student satisfaction. For example, Fitri et al. (2008) have observed service quality dimension i. e. tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy as positive contributors towards student satisfaction. Some other authors like Bigne et al. (2003), Ham and Hayduk (2003) and Elliot and Shin (2002) have reported significant relationship between service quality i. e. service reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, tangibility etc and satisfaction in higher education settings. Spreng and Mackoy (1996) reported that perceived service quality is an antecedent to satisfaction. Faculty continues to be the most significant influence on student experience and satisfaction in universities. In this regard, universities have adopted student evaluation of teaching effectiveness to enhance student satisfaction. Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is among the most frequently used performance measurement instruments used by higher education institutions across the world (Pounder, 2007; Stratton, 1990). Student evaluation of teaching (SET) questionnaire is a control device used to measure teaching effectiveness as stated by concerned students (Crumbley et al. 2001). Historically, a number of studies confirmed that student teaching evaluation has provided reasonably valid multidimensional measures (Holtfreter, 1991; Marsh Roche, 1997; McKeachie, 1987). The main aim of the SET is to measure the teaching performance/effectiveness of faculties at a university. Moreover, this technique is used in educational institutions to assess the capabilities and competencies of academic staff and as a result, assessment score depicts that on what basis students perceive their teachers in their minds that directly affects their satisfaction. In context of Pakistan, majority of the studies have focused on the ways to improve the quality of higher education, unfortunately, no significant study has probed the issue of student satisfaction. For example, Hanif et al. (2008) examine the use of balance scorecard to enhance accountability and performance in higher education institutions concluding that long-term vision through consistent performance evaluation is the key to enhance performance in higher education. Reid (2008), while making comparison between higher education in Scotland and Pakistan, highlighted industry as a source of evaluation parallel to internal evaluation system. Moreover, he suggested an increase in the number of PhD qualified teachers throughout the country. Owais and Akber (2008) commented how to improve research/PhD education in the country. Aurangzeb (2008) presented a work integrated learning model for students. The Model suggests the role of three key educational players i. e. students, higher education institutions, and industry to improve education and student satisfaction in the country. Hafeez Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 211 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 and Fatima (2008) have highlighted the importance of strategic partnership between universities and industry. They have presented a conceptual model with the focus to transform the kind and level of collaboration between universities and industry. Nasira et al. (2008) have presented comprehensive debate on the importance of international ranking and its impact on student mindset while selecting a college or university for higher education. They have suggested that college or university ranking should not be the only criteria to select any institution for higher education rather student must gather necessary other information before making final selection. From the existing literature, it is evident that there is a need to administer a systematic research to measure the important issue of student satisfaction in Pakistani universities. From literature, three different constructs i. e. teaching, administration/management, and support augmented facilities have been used as major variables to measure student satisfaction in this study. 3. Research Methodology As stated above, this study aims to measure student satisfaction in Pakistani universities. Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) in Multan has been selected as a sample case because the university is a public sector university and is currently offering a wide range of programmes of studies under various faculties at postgraduate and undergraduate levels. University has significant population (on board students) from neighboring countries as well. Six major faculties are playing pioneering role in spreading education across the country and act as catalysts for socio-economic development of the country. The faculties are: Faculty of Arts Social Sciences, Faculty of Islamic Studies Languages, Faculty of Commerce, Law Business Administration, Faculty of Science Agriculture, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Faculty of Engineering. Hence, the university was selected as sample case and data was collected from current students enrolled in eighteen different disciplines and/or programs representing both postgraduate and undergraduate levels. First construct under observation was ‘teaching’ that is considered a core activity at higher education institutions. Nineteen different variables were used to measure student satisfaction of this construct. The variables under observation were; teachers communication, lecture delivery skills (qualitative subjects), lecture delivery skills (quantitative subjects), research activities, nature of class assignments and tasks, examination and grading (quantitative subjects), examination and grading (qualitative subjects), examination procedures, teacher’s attitudes towards class, teacher’s respect for class, extra consultation, extra reading material, feedback on assignments, permanent senior teachers, permanent junior teachers, permanent male teachers, permanent female teachers, visiting male teachers, visiting female teachers. Second construct under observation was ‘administrative support’. In addition to teaching, administrative activities are necessary to facilitate the process of developing necessary skills and providing exposure to students in accordance with market demand. The administrative construct has been operationalize through eight different variables that were; behavior of head of department and programme  coordinators, behavior of clerical staff, administrative support of head of department and programme coordinators, administrative support of clerical staff, extracurricular activities, banking facilities, restaurant facilities at the campus, and prayer facilities. Third construct under observation was ‘augmented facilities’ and variables used to measure this were; transportation and logistics facilities, library, computer labs, general labs, student accommodation facilities, medical facilities, sport facilities, and class room facilities. All these concepts have been further probed through different variables like transportation and logistics has been measured through, availability of buses, route timings, and behavior of the drivers conductors. Satisfaction from library facility has been measured through seven different variables including availability of core text books, availability of supporting books, availability of research journals, availability of newspaper magazines, library timings, facilities at central library, behavior of the library staff. Next facility computer labs were measured through variables like availability of enough computers, internet availability and speed, behavior of lab attendants, computer labs timings, and availability of e-journals. Similarly, availability of required equipments, behavior of lab attendants, and lab timings were used to measure the satisfaction of the concerned students. To measure students satisfaction about hostel and boarding, four different variables were used, which are; availability condition of rooms, mess and dining, behavior of hostel staff, and overall study environment. In addition, medical facility was measured through different variables which are; availability of doctors, availability of medicines, availability of ambulances, and availability of emergency staff and medicines. Next concept sports facilities were measured through four different variables which are; availability of sports grounds, coaching facilities, availability of sports equipments and sport development opportunities. Last augmented facility under 212 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science. Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 observation was class room facilities, which have been measured through variables i. e. class size, class timings, availability of multimedia, air conditions, and furniture fixture. All variables were measured on Likert Scale of 1 to 4 where: 1 = extremely satisfied; 2 = satisfied; 3 = dissatisfied, and 4 = extremely dissatisfied. High value of Cronbach’s Alpha (0. 92) reflects high reliability of instrument. Table – 1, presents response rate as per programs/disciplines and gender. High response variations have been recorded across different faculties and programmes of studies. A total of four hundred and eighteen (418) responses were collected, however, seventeen (i. e. 4. 1%) were discarded because respondents have neither mentioned gender nor their programme of studies, therefore, the final sample size turns out to be four hundred and one (401). Of four hundred and one, 191 (45. 7%) respondents were male, while 210 were female i. e. 50. 2%. On the other hand, 218 (52. 2%) respondents were studying for undergraduate degree, while 183 (43.8%) were studying for postgraduate degree. Based on literature synthesis, well structured questionnaire have been formulated to know the satisfaction level of student studying in different programs at different levels. Undergraduate and postgraduate students currently enrolled in any semester of forty different departments were considered as unit of analysis. To make it a systematic process, researchers tried to manage an enrollment list (a sample frame) in all programmes of studies of all concerned departments. However, in some instances administrative staff refused to provide the list of students due to confidentiality issues. Resultantly, questionnaires get filled through non probability connivance sampling. Data have been collected from students enrolled during session Fall-2009. 4. Results Discussion The primary aim of this study was to measure student satisfaction in Pakistani Universities. The three construct used to do so were teaching, administrative support and augmented facilities. The first  construct applied was ‘teaching’ that is obviously a core activity in any education institution. Nineteen different variables were used to measure student satisfaction about teaching and related activities (please see section 3 of Table – 2, for detail). With the exception of few variables, overall mean values of the variables regarding this construct reflected student dissatisfaction of existing teaching methods and techniques. Mean values of different variables enhancing university student satisfaction are; teachers communication (mean value of 2.34), lecture delivery skills of qualitative subjects (mean value of 2. 48), examination procedures (mean value of 2. 50), teachers attitudes towards class (mean value of 2. 49), teachers respect for class (mean value of 2. 30). It is observed that several key areas need keen attention of faculty members, head of the departments, deans and vice chancellor. The areas are; lecture delivery skills of quantitative subjects (mean value of 3. 20), provision of feedback on assignments (mean value of 2. 59), number of permanent (full time) senior teachers (mean value of 2. 59), number of permanent (full time) junior teachers (mean value of 2. 57), research activities (mean value of 2. 96), nature of class assignments tasks (mean value of 3. 05), examination and grading of qualitative subjects (mean value of 2. 90), extra reading material (mean value of 3. 04), examination and grading of quantitative subjects (mean value of 2. 77), extra consultation time by teachers (mean value of 2. 74), permanent (full time) male teachers (mean value of 2.87), permanent (full time) female teachers (mean value of 2. 95), visiting (part time) male teachers (mean value of 2. 96), visiting (part time) female teachers (mean value of 3. 04). Results of mean analysis clearly reflect that students are largely dissatisfied with their teachers’ communication skills (language used for lecture). Moreover, to probe the satisfaction level of the university students with lecture delivery skill of their teachers, questions were included as per classification of curriculum i. e. quantitative qualitative courses. Students have unanimously declared that they are dissatisfied with the delivery skills of teachers of quantitative courses as compared to qualitative ones. Perhaps, this reflects positive attitude of Pakistani students towards qualitative subjects as compared to quantitative subjects; however, there is a need to improve delivery skills of teachers of quantitative courses. Moreover, as there is no visible difference of opinion among male and female students studying either at undergraduate or postgraduate levels, the results strengthen the above discussion. In addition, lesser satisfaction about research activities has been reported by undergraduate students as compared to postgraduate students, which validates the fact that strong research activities are normally required and conducted at higher level in Pakistani universities. However, mean analysis depicts that students are dissatisfied with the nature of research carried out in different disciplines. This situation is quite alarming for higher education authorities, particularly Higher Education Commission (HEC) who is striving for quality research in Pakistani universities. Quite interestingly, high dissatisfaction was reported by male respondents regarding nature of class assignments, supporting the view that teachers (in Pakistani universities) normally give easier tasks and assignments to female students which is gender discrimination by the teachers. Similarly, postgraduate Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 213 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 students are more dissatisfied with the nature of assignments as compared to undergraduate ones. Perhaps, this dissatisfaction is because of the fact that students failed to recognize visible differences in term of nature and quality of assignments they had performed during their undergraduate studies from the one they are doing during their postgraduate studies. Overall results regarding research activities invite serious attention of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in general and management of the BZU University in particular. Lesser dissatisfaction with grading marking of quantitative courses as compared to qualitative ones endorses natural response and perhaps mature attitude of students. However, overall dissatisfaction on grading and marking reflects distrust on the assessment style of university teachers. On the other hand, satisfactory mean score on examination procedure reflects valuable trust on new measures taken by universities to enhance examination standards. In these variables, no visible difference of opinion has been reported among male and female students. The trust on examination procedure while distrust on grading marking reflects university commitment to enhance education standards while provoke serious thinking to do on the paper and coursework marking style of teachers. Next, the mean scores depict positive attitude of the teachers towards their classes. However, allocation of appropriate time for consultation has been reported as a dissatisfactory variable. The results are in fact conceivable, because of large population of students in Pakistani universities making it difficult to academic staff to allocate equal additional support for all students causing dissatisfaction at individual levels. Finally, it can be observed from the results that overall students are dissatisfied with academic faculties irrespective they are senior or junior, male or female and permanent or visiting. Similarly, dissatisfaction is quite high in respect of visiting faculty members which indicates distrust on pathetic recruitment policy of university. It is recommended that authorities must hire permanent teachers of high caliber with excellent academic competencies rather than relying on contract or visiting teaching staff. In this regard, new recruitment policy from Higher Education Commission (HEC) can bring about a positive change provided it is implemented with true spirit and monitored consistently. Moreover, if highly required, respective Deans and Head of the Department must ensure to hire highly qualified and experienced visiting teachers. A clear policy needs to be chalked out and implemented in this respect. Here it is worth mentioning that the sample case i. e. Bahauddin Zakariya university is situated in Southern Punjab. In this part of the country hiring high caliber, self-motivated and highly qualified individuals has always remained a challenging job for university management. This region is largely remote and most of the qualified individuals prefer living and working in metropolitan cities of Pakistan like Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. Secondly, BZU is a public sector university and can’t offer competitive salaries and financial incentives. Moreover, lack of motivation to work in a university, biased behavior of university management, extra work load without remuneration and limited training and personal development opportunities are among the key reasons restricting the entry of competent individuals in education sector. In addition to these, university is distantly located from city centre making it inconvenient for visiting faculty members to come all the way for few hours work and hence low level of interest is recorded. Moreover, university does not have an incentive plan in policy in place to attract high quality professionals to come to university. Second construct under observation were the ‘administrative support’. Individual mean analysis depicts that there some fundamental facilities are in place and are currently responsible for overall student satisfaction. These are; prayer facilities available at campus (mean value of 2. 18) and facilitation by university management for extracurricular activities (mean value of 2. 41). For these variables, no significant difference of opinion has been recorded among male and female students, as well as at level of studies i. e. undergraduate or postgraduate. It is quite interesting that branches of two well-reputed national banks are operative at campus, still surprisingly; students have reported dissatisfaction with the current banking facilities. On the other hand, behavior of the Chairman of department and Programme Coordinators (mean value of 2. 83), administrative support of Chairman and Coordinators (mean value of 3. 00), administrative support of clerical staff (mean value of 3. 27), overall mess and dinning facilities available at campus (mean value of 2. 76) are emerged as critical factors. In this regard, female students in particular have reported higher level of dissatisfaction with behavior and dealing of clerical staff which is astonishing as well as quite alarming. Results require immediate attention of university authorities and concrete steps need to be taken to improve the behavior of the administrative staff. It is also recommended that the relevant authorities must take proper measures to enhance the overall level of administrative support. Third construct under observation was ‘augmented facilities’ which was measured using following variables; transportation logistics facilities, library, computer labs, labs, hostel/boarding facilities, medical facilities, sport facilities, and class room facilities. Transportation Logistics facility have been measured through factors 214 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 7; July 2011 like availability of buses (mean value of 2. 50), route timings (mean value of 2. 25), and behavior of the drivers conductors on buses (mean value of 2. 88). Overall mean values regarding transportation facilities reflect student satisfaction with the available transportation facilities offered by university. It is significant to note that the behavior of bus drivers conductors are somewhat problematic to student satisfaction. In this regard, male students seem to be more dissatisfied with the behavior of bus staff as compared to female students.

Stanley Kubrick: Artist, Explorer and Pioneer Essay -- Stanley Kubrick

Stanley Kubrick: Artist, Explorer and Pioneer Introduction The line between art and entertainment has become malleable in the last century. Critics of fine art define its quality by its message, innovation and complexity. Both are founded on intent to communicate. Art seeks to engage the viewer and generally attempts to tap into more complicated and rarer emotions. (Krush Web Site) Stanley Kubrick uses the medium of film to convey an understanding of the world around him. I see his work as art rather than entertainment and I propose his inclusion in Howard Gardner’s model of Multiple Intelligences. The basis of my argument lies in analysis of his work ethic, complexities, innovations and communication skills. Background Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26th, 1928. The Bronx New York was both his birthplace and childhood home. While there he had a relatively uneventful adolescence. His typical nuclear family was of Jewish faith and consisted of a sister, Barbara, six years his younger, a mother, Gertrude, and a father, Jakob. His father was a doctor and instrumental in building the path Kubrick would later follow. His performance in academics was far from spectacular. Kubrick left high school without graduating at 17. His cumulative average was a 67. While in school, Physics was the only subject in which he excelled (his love of machines and movement are apparent in his later endeavors). But the time he spent in William Howard Taft High School was far from fruitless. On his 13th birthday he received a camera from his father. This led to a love of photography – he was the official photographer for the school and was even exhibited. At an early age Stanley had an eye for composition, subjects and themes. It was o... ... an audience and those luck enough to work with him, is hidden in the complexities of his work. Although he has touched some of the established genres of film, his style is all his own. His movies continually arouse critical analysis and raise questions about the state of humankind. Stanley Kubrick’s gifts to society will be remembered as frighteningly truthful and creative. Works Cited: Ciment, Michel. Kubrick. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 1980. DeVries, Daniel. Film of Stanley Kubrick. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids. 1973. Gardner, Howard. Creating Minds. Basic Books: A Division of Harber Collins Publishers, New York. 1993. Nelson, Thomas Allen. Kubrick: Inside a Film ArtistUs Maze. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 1982. Walker, Alexander. Stanley Kubrick Directs. Harcourt Brace Jovanovick, Inc, New York. 1971.

Dangers Involved with School Bullying Essay -- Bully, School Violence,

School Bullying School is the primary place where children spend their day with peers. As social and economic status plays a big part in the behavior of children. In early child hood income can effects the child’s academic level and behavioral problems later. By the time a child reaches middle school income levels do not influence negative behavior. But when the child reaches high school they could be teased for how the dress because they may not have nice clothes like other kids, or simply choose to dress differently. Which can lead to school bulling. Bullying is a major problem and needs to be prevented. A bully is defined as aggressive behavior or to harm a person repeatedly overtime. School bullying can start anytime from elementary to high school. Over 5.7 teens in the United States are involved in school bullying(about.com). Boys tend to be more physically bullied as girls are more prone to being bullied verbally. According to the National Conference of State Legislature, boys who are often bullied can be five times as likely to be more or severely depressed and four times more likely to be suicidal. Girls are three times more likely to be severely depressed and eight times more likely to be suicidal. Some children are afraid to go to school, which can lead to poor grades or lack of concentration. It is hard for students to focus at school when they are worried about their bully. Bullying can make school a place of fear and can lead to school violence. The dangers of school bullying can be seen in the Columbine Massacre which was listed as one of the top five deadliest shootings in the history of the United States. On April 20,1999 in a small town in Littleton, Colorado. Two high students Dylan Klebold an... ... Each school needs to evaluate how their potential risk and which measures to take to ensure the safety of students and staff. In addition, some schools have speakers come in and tell their story about what happened to them and how it has affected their lives. Some students may relate to a story and in turn can have a huge impact on their emotions as well as their behavior. In the end school bullying has been around for centuries and will continue for many more years, but prevention and awareness are key to reducing the problem with school bullying. Sources Cited â€Å"A Better Way to Handle Juvenile Delinquency† International Child and Youth Care Network. Vol.12 .No.2. Page 350, Oct. 2004 http://childparenting.about.com/od/schoollearning/tp/bullying-in-schools-what-parents-should-know.htm http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070419/19columbine.htm

Macbeth Moral Decay Essay

Soliloquy, or the act of speaking one’s thoughts aloud, is the subject to which this question is being answered. In Acts 1 to 3 of Macbeth, the character Macbeth speaks of three particular soliloquy’s in which his moral and nature both move from a high ranking position into a continually falling characteristic of heroic decay. In Act 1 scene 7 Macbeth highlights, in his first soliloquy, the issues of committing the crime of murder and how it teaches others to act as criminals and to break out in violence, which then comes back to plague oneself. Macbeth is also sympathetic when he speaks of the king, saying he is a humble leader and that the king even trusts him. â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself† (1.7.13-16). Here Macbeth is saying that he is the kings kinsmen and host and that it is his job to protect him, as well as closing the door on the murderer trying to get to the king, not to be the murderer himself. Macbeth ends this soliloquy with a statement that gives a hint to his future ever-growing cruel self. He says, â€Å"Upon the sightless couriers of the air, shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, that tears shall drown the wind† (1.7.23-24). Macbeth foreshadows his future deed and even states that the people will be overwhelmed in sorrow over Duncan’s death. In Macbeth’s second soliloquy in Act 2 scene 1, he specifically says, â€Å"Thou marshall’st me the way that I was going, and such an instrument I was to use,† meaning that the imaginary dagger of which he speaks of is motivating and leading him to commit the crime of which he was planning, but was weary, to do (2.1.42-43). In this act, Macbeth talks to an image of a dagger that is a hallucination of his mind. The dagger may be symbolic of his own self, in which he says â€Å"And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, which was not so before,† concluding that Macbeth was once clean but is now becoming more and more infected by his dark and dirty deeds, much like the dagger was once clean but is now dotted with blood (2.1.46-47). Macbeth also hears a bell ring which inspires him to take off and find Duncan before his courage wears off. In Act 3 scene 1 Macbeth’s third soliloquy highlights the fear he has of Banquo because of his intelligence and nobility. One can see the dramatic change of Macbeth’s character from the first soliloquy to the third soliloquy as he now has become greedy and jealous. Macbeth believes that he has worked hard and committed a crime for nothing since the throne will be passed on to Banquo’s sons instead of to his own descendants. Macbeth states, â€Å"Put rancors in the vessels of my peace only for them,† saying that he has ruined his own peace for the benefit of Banquo and his sons (3.1.67-68). Ultimately, there is a major change in Macbeth’s moral from the first act to the third. Macbeth’s motivation at first was solely by ambition, then it was anxiety and paranoia of committing the actual crime, and finally in his last soliloquy Macbeth became greedy and unsatisfied once he had power and control of the throne. Macbeth thought he would be much more gratified with having the power of the king then he actually was in the end. He then begins to second-guess his deeds and starts to become neurotic from the paranoia of over thinking and over-analyzing the whole situation. Macbeth’s moral decay resulted from his unconscious madness that drove him to commit many murders.

COSI essays

COSI essays The film "Cosi" directed by _______ is brought to life from Mozarts time. The film journeys through the lives of some very 'diverse'characters, diverse in that the audience is unaware of what to expect next. 5 main aspects involved in film making; theme, mood, dramatic tension, vocal dynamics, emotions expressed are a major contribution to the sucessfull production of "Cosi." The theme is presented from the opening of the film, where ____ is desperate for a job and accepts one at a mental institution. Here he meets a troupe of very special individuals, who he combines with to present a remarkeable production of "Cosi Fan Tutte". The film relates the classic tale of defying the odds, determination through adversity, to recognize and respond to your inner most feelings and desires. It presents this special group of people as a valued part of our society, showing that appearences really don't matter at all - its about people getting in touch with themselves and following their dreams. The theme is produced superbly in that it conveys the message of people doing things they thought possible, or in other words, completion through Self - belief. The mood in "Cosi" is often reflected upon as the film ventures further into the lives of the mentally handicapped. Together the audience experience a change in characters showing the metamorphosis of small timid beings into confident, outgoing individuals. The attidudes of the characters during the finale, reflect the sastification of a job well done; the twinkle in the eye or the nudge in the ribs, from the start to end are evidence of the perseverance involved in the production. The dramatic tension in "Cosi" is a major contribution of the film's development. Constantly the audience are lead to believe that there is no way the characters can pull anything off, yet time and time again the audience is mistaken. The continuos tension between characters divulge into ...

MRP Riordan Electric Fans

MRP Riordan Electric Fans Introduction Riordan has to utilize an effective MRP in order to develop and distribute quality electric fans. As observable in most other organizations, this concept is becoming increasingly applicable. Particularly, this is relevant for successful product development and initiation into the market. A successful manufacture and launch of new product requires a comprehensive internal and environmental analysis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on MRP: Riordan Electric Fans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In these processes, various factors must be considered and evaluated (Sheikh, 2002). Riordan already manufactures electric fans in some of its oversea branches. It is imperative to note that practical lessons can be drawn from these operations. These might assist in the establishment of strategic electric fan manufacturing and dispersion procedures. This paper presents a market research plan for the manufacturing of Rio rdan electric fans. The MRP for the Manufacturing of the Riordan Electric Fans The human resource is a fundamental requirement in any manufacturing resource planning. This is because they provide the necessary capacity and services that ensure all new demands are met within the system. Strategic location of the manufacturing company is crucial for an effective system. Normally, raw materials for manufacturing electric fans might be hard to locate and transport (Sheikh, 2002). This requires Riordan to be situated very close to the source of important raw materials. Ideally, the consideration helps in different ways. For instance, it minimizes the costs associated with transportation and preservation of the raw materials. It is also vital to manage the resources and inventories in a proper and transparent manner. Corruption and embezzlement of resources has always led to the decline of many organizations involved in manufacturing activities. Another critical observation is to advance effective systems for supply chain management. Procurement processes must also be based on integrity. There needs to be a clear and well articulated guidelines for production processes (Sheikh, 2002). The fundamental aim of Riordan should be to minimize the expenses involved in the production of the electric fans. Riordan must recognize the significance of ensuring maximum time efficiency within all its manufacturing activities. Environment, health and safety issues involved in the manufacturing of the electric fans must be adequately considered. Laid down worksite frameworks are suitable for reducing injuries and other inconveniences associated with occupational health risks (Sheikh, 2002). Standard operating procedures are crucial within all systems of manufacturing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Notably, the standard procedures act as crucial guidelines for al l workers involved within different manufacturing units. Observably, this is a part for strategic management. It enables the practice of total quality management and assurance processes within the entire organization. Riordan must initiate effective collaborations. These may be done with other important business organs such as distributors and marketers. The objective of this initiative is to enhance the process through which all the manufactured electric fans reach the intended clients or market. The intermediaries must be assessed actively for compliance and efficiency before such collaborations are undertaken. Market research is a basic tool for assessing the probable areas in which the electric fans might be distributed (Sheikh, 2002). Apart from this, the observation helps in the examination of the level of demand resident within various markets or geographical destinations. Riordan must ensure maximum environmental protection and corporate social responsibility. These indicati ons must be established within all regions of operation. Generally, there are several elements for consideration before the actual initiation of manufacturing process. Riordan must consider all these observations in order to remain competitive. Reference Sheikh, K. (2002). Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II): With introduction to ERP, SCM and CRM. London: McGraw-Hill.

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction Who doesnt love playing with glow sticks? Grab a pair and use them to examine how temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions. Its good science, plus its helpful information for when you want to make a glow stick last longer or glow more brightly. Glow Stick Experiment Materials 3 Glow sticks (the short ones are idea, but you can use any size)Glass of ice waterGlass of hot water   How To Do the Glow Stick Experiment Yes, you can just activate the glow sticks, put them in the glasses, and see what happens, but that wouldnt be an experiment. Apply the scientific method: Make observations. Activate the three glow sticks by snapping them to break the container inside the tube and allowing the chemicals to mix. Does the temperature of the tube change when it starts to glow? What color is the glow? Its a good idea to write down observations.Make a prediction. Youre going to leave one glow stick at room temperature, place one in a glass of ice water, and place the third in a glass of hot water. What do you think will happen?Conduct the experiment. Note what time it is, in case you want to time how long each glow stick lasts. Place one stick in the cold water, one in the hot water, and leave the other at room temperature. If you like, use a thermometer to record the three temperatures.Take data. Note how brightly each tube glows. Are they all the same brightness? Which tube glows the most brightly? Which is the dimmest? If you have time, see how long each tube glows. Did they all glow the same length of time? Which lasted the longest? Which stopped glowin g first? You can even do math, to see how much longer one tube lasted compared with the other. Once you have completed the experiment, examine the data. You can make a table showing how brightly each stick glowed and how long it lasted. These are your results.Draw a conclusion. What happened? Did the outcome of the experiment support your prediction? Why do you think the glow sticks reacted to temperature the way they did? Glow Sticks and the Rate of Chemical Reaction A glow stick is an example of chemiluminescence. This means luminescence or light is produced as the result of a chemical reaction. Several factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration of reactants, and the presence of other chemicals. Spoiler alert: This section tells you what happened and why. Increasing temperature typically increases the rate of the chemical reaction. Increasing temperature speeds up the motion of molecules, so they are more likely to bump into each other and react. In the case of glow sticks, this means a hotter temperature will make the glow stick glow more brightly. However, a faster reaction means it reaches completion more quickly, so placing a glow stick in a hot environment will shorten how long it lasts. On the other hand, you can slow down the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the temperature. If you chill a glow stick, it wont glow as brightly, but it will last much longer. You can use this information to help glow sticks last. When you are done with one, put it in the freezer to slow down its reaction. It may last until the next day, while a glow stick at room temperature would stop producing light. Are Glow Sticks Endothermic or Exothermic? Another experiment you can perform is to determine whether or not glow sticks are endothermic or exothermic. In other words, does the chemical reaction in a glow stick absorb heat (endothermic) or release heat (exothermic)? Its also possible the chemical reaction neither absorbs nor releases heat. You might assume that a glow stick releases heat because it releases energy in the form of light. To find out whether this is true, you need a sensitive thermometer. Measure the temperature of a glow stick before activating it. Measure the temperature once you crack the stick to start the chemical reaction. If the temperature increases, the reaction is exothermic. If it decreases, its endothermic. If you cant record a change, then the reaction is essentially neutral as far as thermal energy is concerned.

Civilization and Its Discontents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civilization and Its Discontents - Essay Example The essay "Civilization and Its Discontents" talks about the central thesis of Sigmund Freud’s "Civilization and its Discontents" which is the assertion that the conflict between sexual needs and the societies restrictions is a big factor to human â€Å"dissatisfaction, aggression, hostility and ultimately, violence†. Given that the book was published in 1930, people’s mindsets were largely conservative, which led to protests and outcry against the book. But putting it in a purely scientific context, there is much truth in this thesis. Freud’s introduction to his book begins with the following lines: â€Å"Psycho-Analytic work has shown that these frustrations in respect of sexual life are especially unendurable to the so-called neurotics among us. These persons manufacture substitute-gratifications for themselves in their symptoms, which, however, are either painful in themselves or become the cause of suffering owing to the difficulties they create for the person's environment and society at large†¦ but culture demands other sacrifices besides that of sexual gratifications.† Further support for the Freudian view of human discontent could be found in Isabel Fonseca’s seminal work on the Gypsy tribes – Bury Me Standing. Fonseca attempts to decipher several aspects of the Gypsy way of life. The author shows that by virtue of remaining in their native geographies and not letting go of their primitive lifestyles, the Gypsies don’t live unfulfilled lives.

Racial Profiling Argumentative and Persuasive Essay

Racial Profiling - Essay Example Racial Profiling is a very serious problem and a threat to the harmony of society. If all the people are not treated equally by the law enforcement or the general public, no one can assure the peaceful living and true brotherhood in the public. The people being victimized of racism or racial profiling, start hating the people of other race. Jealousy creeps in and groupings and divisions are automatically made. It creates a negative atmosphere in the entire society (Wilkins, n.d.). There are two approaches which kind of support racial profiling or think of it as useful. One of the approaches is called Consequentialist Approach. According to this approach, Racial Profiling can be used as an effective tool to decrease the time taken by the police to arrest the criminals and in that way it serves the society and gives justice quickly to the affected parties. It is a hypothetical statement to believe that the damage done by Racial Profiling is far less than the benefits it provides in the shape of an effective crime investigation. (Keller, 2008). The other approach is named as Contractualist Approach. It gives a very different perspective of Racial Profiling by saying that it can be useful for those members of the society who could become the victim of the crime committed by the profiled group. People will feel safe by the fact that they are watched out by the law enforcement agencies more than the other profiled group. The people who are not in the profiled group feel Profiling as a step to assure their security (Keller, 2008). However, these approaches are still hypothetical and do not really provide a satisfactory justification to blindly perceive every Black American, for example, to be the criminal even before gathering the facts and forensic proves.  

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change Research Paper

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change - Research Paper Example This factor compels organizational leaders to identify the number and types of clinical workers will be affected by the change. These workers will need additional competition for the work they will commit to while in a changing work environment. The gathered information should allow healthcare organization to educate risks brought about by decisions made by the respective workers (French, et al., 2012). Second, fee-for-service programs affect the implementation process of clinical practice change because it results in additional measures like the supervision of diabetes patients. Third, prospective systems make up another economic factor the places physical risks on the side of the healthcare provider and lower the quantity of care. As a result, the organizations have to consider these systems come up with interventions and policies that mitigate their effect on the clinical practice change.First, legislation that governs particular clinical processes and guidelines have invasive pro tocols important to many healthcare providers. For example, pharmacists have to adhere to laws governing the prescription of medication for particular illnesses and to eligible buyers. Second, legal permission has to be sought to modify the particular clinical practice undergoing change to enable the leading project to continue. Legal permissions allow clinical experts such as midwives to record the number of IUD supplements made, the frequency of applied skills, kinds of health complications, and the consequences for both the mother and infant (Gallagher-Ford, et al., 2011). Third, legislative precedents for accessing current domestic and national databases are necessary for implementing the change in a stipulated clinical practice. This means the legal defenders of healthcare providers may need tailored appraisals and other programs that cover pre and neo-guideline applications and contracts.

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Executive Summary - Essay Example A 2003 study by the National Center for Education Statistics found that at least 52% of Miami-Dade struggled to complete basic skills like reading a menu or a bus schedule. In our research, we found that the percentage of those living below the poverty line in different categories of Miami population are as follows: 36.8% of children, 35.1% of married-couple families, 10.5% of single parent families with no wife and 54.4% of single parent families without husband. Â   There is need for creating opportunities that can enable the low-income families learn computer skills that can lead to better job opportunities. This will also equip the parents with the necessary resource. There is also need to motivate each child to achieve his or her dream despite his/her financial situation. A greater impact can be realized by sponsoring Kiwanis Club in Little Havana. Based on this, we have decided that we can help Kiwanis Club by implementing ideas to raise funds or computer donations in order to advance this great

Caribbean Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Caribbean Literature - Essay Example These woman writers were born in the late 1940s and 1950s and they produced their first major works in the 1980s. "The term 'Caribbean women writers' describes an extremely diverse collection of women: women of numerous racial and ethnic groups who reside in many nations and write in at least four European languages and many Caribbean Creoles." (Rody, 117) Significantly, the most acclaimed woman writer of the region, Jean Rhys, is a white woman identified with English modernism who lived in the wake of Caribbean women's renaissance in the 1980s. Jamaica Kincaid, Michelle Cliff, and Maryse Conde are some of the prominent figures during the Caribbean women's renaissance in the 1980s. Therefore, a profound analysis of the Caribbean literature of 1980s, one recognizes a key stage of development in women's writing. In the critical work 'The Invisible Woman in West Indian Literature', Ramabai Espinet investigates the 'invisibility' of East Indian woman in Caribbean literature and one gets the notion that women arbiters are marginalized by virtue of their ethnicity a

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Executive Summary - Essay Example A 2003 study by the National Center for Education Statistics found that at least 52% of Miami-Dade struggled to complete basic skills like reading a menu or a bus schedule. In our research, we found that the percentage of those living below the poverty line in different categories of Miami population are as follows: 36.8% of children, 35.1% of married-couple families, 10.5% of single parent families with no wife and 54.4% of single parent families without husband. Â   There is need for creating opportunities that can enable the low-income families learn computer skills that can lead to better job opportunities. This will also equip the parents with the necessary resource. There is also need to motivate each child to achieve his or her dream despite his/her financial situation. A greater impact can be realized by sponsoring Kiwanis Club in Little Havana. Based on this, we have decided that we can help Kiwanis Club by implementing ideas to raise funds or computer donations in order to advance this great

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted Essay

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted - Essay Example She is weak, she finds herself drawn to same sex, and depressed. During her stay in the psychiatric hospital, Susanna becomes friend with other ward-mates; a group of different women who are faced with different mental disorders. Susanna’s real life journey in finding her identity, purpose of her being and coping with her personality disorders. The story of the movie holds different themes and set of ideologies in it. Each theme tells the viewer of the reality, a different yet bitter truth that is faced by majority of the young generation and everyday life of a person who has no focus and no direction in life and how world and the society stands against that downtrodden soul. This is a true story of Susanna Kaysen which was earlier published in the form of a book under the same title. However, Susanna has tried her level best to communicate with the audience directly about the problems she was faced with in her life through this movie. This movie unveils the different hidden l ayers in the personality of a young teenager girl which represents the overall young generation and their suffering in a very well directed manner. ... ot deny the fact that culture is the basic key element in the establishment of a society however; our culture has failed to give the rights and the proper status to the young generation which has left them unfocused, directionless and depressed with a blur future. It has been clearly shown in the movie that those young children who do not get enough love from their homes and attention from their parents become the victim of confusion, distress and with the passage of time their personalities become shattered. Strong language has been used in the film which shows that how mentally unstable women use language as a medium to vent out their emotions and feelings of hate and betrayal. It is a common fact that those children who do not get attention from home become use to of using strong language in their daily life because they lack the sense of respect and grace for others and for themselves. This film describes the role of parents in this regard that how their attitude can push their c hild into insanity. It is important to understand that female children are more prone to adopt compulsive personality as compare to males. Gender Exploitation: As the title of the movie says, â€Å"Girl Interrupted,† this movie revolves around the story of a female which is a victim of gender exploitation by the society and also by the culture. It is important to understand that women are the victim of discrimination; they are provided with limited choices with no significant importance given to them by the society. In today’s world, women are faced with prejudices and gender bias by majority of groups present in the society. Similarly, in the movie Susanna is shown as a weak gender which is the victim of inequality, betrayal and harassment. Majority of women are faced with mental stress

Types of Mythology Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Types of Mythology Worksheet Essay How are knowledge, belief, myth, and religion related to one another and how are they distinct from one another? Use an example from your life or popular culture to explain this relationship. Knowledge is made up of facts, truth, stories, and more. Belief is â€Å"the assertion that something is true without necessary proof, evidence or facts to back it up.† Myth is a fictional story, tends to have a hero or event to justify a social preamble. Religion is a combination of beliefs, and myths that helps draw attention of followers. Myths Directions: Choose two examples for each type of myth and identify the pieces of literature, such as a Shakespeare play, in which the examples are found. Greek Myths Myth 1: Daphne and Apollo Literature it’s found in: Parthenius’s â€Å"Erotica Pathernata† Myth 2: Trojan War Literature it’s found in: Homer’s â€Å"Iliad and the Odyssey† Answer the following questions: Describe Greek myths. Transform the original stories â€Å"from {their} initial frame of referene into another that is more acceptable† (Powell, 2002, p.19) How have the above pieces of literature helped society to understand the universe? It helped us understand that there are truths that are within human reasoning because â€Å"dealing with especially with the soul’s fate after death, but also with the nature of being and of the perfect political order† (Powell, 2002, p. 18-19). Physical Allegory Myths Myth 1: Homer’s Story Literature it’s found in: Iliad (Powell, 2002, p. 19) Myth 2: â€Å"The Contest of Poseidon and Athena† Literature it’s found in: Poseidon Answer the following questions: Describe physical allegory myths. A physical allegory myth is when gods represent a physical element. A good example of this is Hades who controls the underworld, or Poseidon who controls water. According to Powell (2002), â€Å"the mythical conflicts of two gods are the allegorical expression of a basic cosmological principle concerning the opposition of fire and water† (Powell, 2002, p. 19). How have these pieces of literature helped society to understand the universe? It has helped society understand a cultural linkage from the past to today in a philosophical aspect with nature because Powell (2002) stated that â€Å"these physical allegorical interpretations attempted to explain a cultural inheritance from a distant, preliterate past in the light of sophisticated philosophical thought about forces in nature† Historical Allegory Myths Myth 1: Apollo and Hephaestus representing fire Literature it’s found in:† Iliad† Myth 2: Aphrodite representing desire and Hermes representing reason Literature it’s found in: â€Å"Iliad† Answer the following questions: Describe historical allegory myths. Historical allegory myths tend to reveal history other than the science of the origin and the development of what we know about the universe. According to Powell, â€Å"the deification of dead Hellenistic rulers made more plausible the notion that great humans of the past had, with the passage of time, became more than human† (Powell, 2002, p. 22). How have these pieces of literature helped society to understand the universe? It helped us understand how a society can rise against adversities’, nature, and man. In many ways, it enables us to understand people evolved over time. Powell wrote â€Å"Zeus was said to have traveled the earth teaching arts of civilized life, banning such reprehensible religious practices as cannibalism and founding temples† (Powell, 2002, p. 21). Moral Allegory Myths Myth 1: Odysseus hides his treasure in cave of nymphs on Ithaca Literature it’s found in: â€Å"Odyssey† Myth 2: Apollo kills the Greeks with his arrows Literature it’s found in: â€Å"Iliad† Answer the following questions: Describe moral allegory myths. Moral allegory myths are stories that offer advices about bad or good behavior as Powell stated that the moral myths â€Å"give us hints about the moral world beyond† (Powell, 2002, p. 24). This means it allows us to find truths about how people behaved in any stories. How have these pieces of literature helped society to understand the universe? It helped society understand the universe because it helps us see things differently and figure out what is not perfect and what is perfect because according to Powell, â€Å"the material world in which we live, reported to us by our senses, is nonetheless to some extent modeled after the perfect rational world† (Powell, 2002, p. 23) Medieval and Renaissance Myths Myth 1: Song of Solomon Literature it’s found in: The Bible Myth 2: Three sisters representing 4 stages of intoxication – too much wine, the forgetfulness it causes, lust and sheer madness. Literature it’s found in: Story of Liber of Mythologies of Fulgentius (Powell, 2002). Answer the following questions: Describe medieval and Renaissance myths. It is used heavily in classical mythology because in retrospect, there are morals in any classical (traditional) stories but was used in mythological stories. A good example of this would be the bible, according to Powell who wrote, â€Å"the allegorical method whereby moral meanings were drawn from old stories was also applied extensively to the Bible† (Powell, 2002, p. 24). How have these pieces of literature helped society to understand the  universe? It has helped us focus on acceptable oral meanings of nature and the universe. For example, â€Å"Apollo is explained as an allegory for the moral that chastity, like the laurel, remains as cool as a river, and always blooms, but never bears fruit† (Powell, 2022, p. 25). Theories of Enlightenment Myths Myth 1: Man being created by God Literature it’s found in: the Bible Myth 2: Fables Literature it’s found in: â€Å"The Origin of Fables† (Powell, 2002, p. 27) Answer the following questions: Describe theories of Enlightenment myths. Traditional thought, particulary thoughts associated with religious institutions were â€Å"subject to reexamination, usually with a notable lack of sympathy† (Powell, 2002, p. 27); this transition, they were seen as examples of simple, monosyllabic language from previous cultures. How have these pieces of literature helped society to understand the universe? It helped us understand the cultures of many different groups, and the evolutionary development of cultures especially early civilizations to today. References: Powell, B. B. (2002). A short introduction to classical myth. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Assessment of Floridas Healthcare System

Assessment of Floridas Healthcare System Health care can be referred to as the branch charged with the task of diagnosing, treating and the prevention of different types of diseases. Healthcare has a lot of sub branches. A physician is someone who is qualified to work in the field of medicine. The following paper is going to discuss the health care system in Florida and what are the rules that regulate health care practitioners. It is also going to concentrate mainly on how a physician goes around with their practice. With the broadness of the health care system, there needs to be some regulations in order to ensure that there is discipline in this industry. The governing system of Florida County has put in place some. As much as these professionals deal with the handling of human lives, there are rules that have to govern the ways in which they interact with their clients or patients. When a physician graduates from medical school, they first have to be licensed in order for them to start practicing in the field of specialisation. These licences are issued by the state board of medicine, this is done after asserting that the individual is fit do handle person’s lives. This board is the body solely charged with the task of issuing licences to all types of medical practitioners is it in the private home service or in the armed forces. In Florida just like in any state in the united states of America, for any person to become a medical practitioner, they must have gone through the laid down course system of sturdy in the state. This entails years of sturdy in the field of choice and later they must go for training practice before they can graduate and start their practice. The practice of the health care system is very much demanding due to the fact that it involves the handling of human lives. One has to be fully confident in order to become a physician in the state. The process of getting a certificate for practice starts with the university or college in which an individual has received their training, the kind of conduct and performance of the individual will determine whether or not they will receive the certificate for practice. This certificate is very important because it is what every employer needs in order to ascertain that the person they are employing is right to handle their client. In order for an individual to become a registered physician, it is very necessary that they must have gone through and completed their preferred period of sturdy; they must have also excelled in their studies. Because of the fact that the field is somehow complicated, there needs to be an assertion that the practitioner is well equipped with the right skills to perform their practice. The general public is always at liberty to check if the physician who is working on their health issues is trained and certified with the relevant authority (Rodwin, 1993). This will enhance the trust they put on the said physician. Some of these professionals have their shortcomings in the industry and as such they end up putting the lives of clients in danger. When a practitioner misbehaves or mishandles a client, there is a procedure that the affected persons have to follow to ensure that the physician is answerable for their actions. The first thing to be done is to report the case to the relevant authorities. These may be; the hospital administration in which the physician falls under or the hiring body for the medical practitioners. Some medical practitioners have fallen victims to false accusations from relatives of patients who die under their care. This happens mostly due to the fact that they are not very willing to accept the fate of their loved ones. They are not willing to accept that at some point there are some things that a doctor cannot prevent from happening. In such a case, the bereaved families sue for negligence. When this happens, it is up to the concerned body to determine the innocence or the guilt of the physician treats them for an ailment that they do not have. If the patient dies or suffers any complications as a result of the misdiagnosis, the concerned family is at liberty to sue the physician. This case can be taken up to the highest court in the state and it is up to the judges to determine if the accused is guilty for their charges and the punishment to be meted on them (Mitchel et al, 1992) In the event that a physician has been found guilty of harming a patient due to negligence, the punishment can range between some years in prison, a hefty fine or the revocation of the physician’s licence. In most cases, the licences are revoked no matter the punishment. The punishment also considers if a life was lost in the process or not (Welch et al, 1994). Negligence can also be pursued in cases where a patient needs referral and their medical file cannot be produced by the hospital staff or a patient is treated using a different person’s file and they end up being affected by this lack of accuracy. There are several agencies that are mandated to handle cases that are related to medical practitioners, these agencies handle most of the cases that arise during a practitioner’s time at work. These are the same agencies that licence the practitioners. These agencies also help in the investigations of accused practitioners in the event of a criminal lawsuit against the said practitioner. In the event that a criminal law suit is directed towards a practitioner, the first thing that happens is that they are stopped from working as long as the investigations about them are on and all of their patients are referred to other physicians. This helps the complainant feel like they are not so much alone in the process of seeking justice for themselves or their loved ones. Conclusion The medical fraternity is very much important to the human race. Even though this is the case they have to be answerable for every action that they take be it good or bad. This is because they are entrusted with human lives and if they are not held responsible then they would not feel obliged to give the patient all the attention desired. This profession was held sacred a few years ago but because of the love and greed for money it has changed and the professionals no longer value the lives that they have on their hands. Some of them do not qualify to be physicians and they come and handle human lives. References Mitchell, T. A., Remmel, R. J. (1992). Level of uncompensated care delivered by emergency physicians in Florida. Annals of emergency medicine, 21(10), 1208-1214. Rodwin, M. A. (1993). Medicine, money, and morals: physicians conflicts of interest. Welch, H. G., Miller, M. E., Welch, W. P. (1994). Physician profilingan analysis of inpatient practice patterns in Florida and Oregon. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(9), 607-612.

Patents are Essential to the Modern World Essays -- Intellectual Prope

Patents are Essential to the Modern World A patent is the public disclosure of the invention and the best way of practicing the invention, in exchange for the rights to that information for a set period of time - twenty years. A patent permits its owner to exclude members of the public from making, using, or selling the claimed invention. This type of arrangement is a necessity for any type of scientific work. It allows other people to share in the ideas that have been thought and utilized by a company and/or individuals so that research is not unnecessarily performed twice. This is beneficial to the owner of the intellectual property (IP) so that financial reward can be obtained, and knowledge can be freely publicized for others thereby not inhibiting the progression of technology and science. This is a necessary step in the flow of scientific information so that the entire system remains efficient. The patent is a great way for protecting an inventor’s idea however there are some conditions attached to the granting of a patent. These are in relation to the use and history of the invention. The criteria that need to be met are that the invention is ‘Novel’, ‘non-obvious’ and commercial utility. The invention also has to work (be reproducible) and can not have been published publicly at any event prior to the filing of a patent. These factors need to be assessed before an application for a patent is filed. The patent is the most powerful method available to the owner of IP because it offers the most comprehensive cover, along with the most options in the ways that the idea can make money for the persons involved. Other means of protection are quite feeble in comparison to the patent, for example ... ... company. Or they are supplied with an annual crop which can only be used once, as it produces sterile seeds, and therefore they would have to purchase the same invention many times over simply due to a lack of money. This ensures rewards are passed on to the inventors of the invention. This is good in a commercial sense and enables quick progression of commercial products. It is also good in a way of freedom of research information. However the end user might not always be as well off as they could be. Overall the use of patents is an essential step in the commercialization of any product in the modern scientific environment. It is a method of trying to reduce the doubling up of research and ensuring the correct people are paid for the inventions. It is essential that some basic rules are followed and every idea is scrutinized by an application process.

Everybodys All American :: essays research papers

Everybody’s All-American is the story of a famous football player who becomes an overweight middle-aged has-been. Gavin "the Gray Ghost" Gray is a legendary college football player who marries his homecoming queen sweetheart and embarks on a professional career full of difficulties. â€Å"The Gray Ghost† is a Louisiana football legend. There had never been a better, faster ball player, and everyone knows the hero is headed for pro football. To no one's surprise, Gavin marries his sweetheart, beauty queen â€Å"Babs.† He is a first-draft pick in the pros, as expected, and soon after that, the two begin their family. I was especially interested in this movie because I am, myself, a college athlete. This movie brought out the importance of having a life and goals other than playing a professional sport. Too many young athletes these days have unrealistic goals of going to the pros, while in actuality the chances of them doing so are next to impossible. Many athletes are in college just to play their sport, and do not care about their academic performance. Eventually, the limelight will fade and professional athletes will become has-beens left to reminisce about their â€Å"glory days.† Often in college, athletes will do just enough to get by and not care about what their academic performance means. Unfortunately, especially in some larger schools, preferential treatment for athletes does exist among the faculty. This also gives athletes the advantage at the time, but hurts them in the long run. In the movie, the ideal marriage of Gavin and Babs begins to come apart, when Gavin cannot deal with the loss of the glory he had in his youth.

Stadium Contracts

Need to talk about criteria/ funding where the money came from The Wembley stadium was built using a Design and build Procurement strategy. A Design and build strategy is where a single contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the stadium. The client must specify the type of building they require and the contractor proposes the best design to meet this, this information was found at the web address Building. co. uk. A design and build project allows the low risk factor as for the client has the contractor takes on the risk by offering a fixed cost contract.The web address designbuild-network. com states the original provision for a building cost was around ? 352m, with total project costs of ? 757m. A fixed price contract protects the client from any expiring costs, for example if the construction of the stadium was to have any over runs or delays. The main contractor building Wembley stadium was Multiplex (UK) Ltd and Cyril Sweett acted as independent consul tants to Wembley National Stadium Limited (WNSL). In April 2002 the client was advised by Cyril Sweet the Multiplex contract was representing value for money this was stated on web address designbuild-network. om. Although Multiplex was the main contractor the project was project managed by Symonds. From the outset of this project was focused on risk transfer, the WNSL passed on all the risk to Multiplex and Multiplex passed on the risk to Symonds. Although the procurement method between the WNSL and Multiplex was Design and build, the procurement strategy for Multiplex and their sub-contractors was solely focused on risk transfer and not the needs of the project. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.The project priorities was The management capability The extent of risk that WNSL were prepared to accept was http://www. building. co. uk/data/procurement-construction-management/3072705. article the http://www. designbuild-network. com/projects/wembley/ Terminal 5 The terminal 5 project procurement route was a single contract called the T5 agreement. The decision was made by BAA that rather than passing the risk on to the vast amount of contractors involved in the project, BAA would take on all the risk. The webs address christianwolmar. o. uk states Mathew Riley, the company’s commercial director for Terminal 5, realised the financial consequences of risk being passed to contractors was the reason many recent construction projects had failed. BAA realised that projects such as the Jubilee Line Extension, the Scottish Parliament and the Millennium Dome had not really worked because ultimately the risk would always fall back on itself. Also many recent projects where the risk was attempted to be passed resulted in massive legal claims and counterclaims.Terminal 5 was a large infrastructure project involving over 60 contractors, 16 major projects and 147 sub-projects on a 260ha site. With such a project BAA realised that if the projects were to be built on time and within budget that a unique approach would be required. This information was found at web address www. airport-technology. com As a result of not wanting to pass on the risk, the sheer size of the project and the amount of contactors needed to be involved. The T5 agreement was a legally binding contract between BAA and its contractors. This agreement llowed the contractors to concentrate on the project and solving problems rather than worrying about time delays and risk. Web address the times online explains the new Terminal Five at Heathrow is the current benchmark for construction best practice. The recipe is simple. A client that takes a level of ownership of project (in this case he created a challenging vision for how it wanted the project delivered); a procurement approach that offers incentives to all, for improvements in cost, or time or quality and; and a proven construction and design team w ho work in a collaborative and innovative way. ttp://www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ http://www. airport-technology. com/projects/heathrow5/ http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article700388. ece http://www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ Scottish Parliament Provide general background information on each project. cover the roles and responsibilities of the Client, Design Team and Contractor involved. The first Scottish parliament building was created in September 1997 after a referendum in which people of Scotland voted by almost three to one.The client, the Scottish government decided on building a complex building from a mixture of steel, oak, and granite. The procurement route chosen by the Scottish government was construction management. The web address www. parliament. uk explains the procurement route chosen was to turn out to be the most significant decisions during the project , and also states Construction management offers the advantage of speed but with the disadvantage of price uncertainty until the last has been leased.Construction management was chosen not only for allowing the project to be started quickly and the reduction in overall construction. But the procurement route allows for change in design during the project and problems are generally solved rather than passed around the separate contractors. Choosing construction management as a procurement strategy means the client is responsible for leading the project and must take liability for any risks or mistakes.The Scottish government would have to hire designers to design the building, then the design could have been put out to tender. The advantage of construction management is that all tenders are based on the same design and can be compared easily. The web address www. ehow. com explains the client then has a trade contractor then adds details to this plan and finalizes it with the client. After this, the client typically hires a construction manager to oversee the process and manage workers.Though the construction manager takes a strong, second-hand position the client is the person that is ultimately in charge. This allows a less experienced client to have control of the build with construction advise from the construction manager. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.http://www. ehow. com/about_6635095_construction-management-procurement_. html

Raffles Hotel

International hospitality practice Raffles Hotel in Singapore Full Situational Audit of the Raffles Hotel and Develop a Strategic Place for the next 3 Years. Cover Page: Student Number, Module Code, Title, Module Tutor Table of Contents, List of Tables, Figures and Appendices Introduction Explaining the Purpose of the Report Brief Company Overview (10% of the assignment mark) 400 words External Audit: analysis of relevant macro-environmental (PESTE) and industry dynamics (Porter’s Five Forces), an assignment of competition and evaluation of Key Success Factors.The application David’s Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix might assist your analytical process (30%) 1200 words Internal Audit: Analysis of the company’s strategic positioning in the marketplace and key target segments, an evaluation of the corporate portfolio and expansion strategies in relation to the firm’s centric approach and a comprehensive strengths-weaknesses analysis of current resources and co mpetences, value chain activities and value networks. The application David’s Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix might assist your analytical process (30%) 1200 wordsStrategic plan for the next three years: This should include an evaluation of strategic options (TOWS matrix), the development of a new sales target, SMART objectives, the development of a mix of suitable strategies and a monitoring, control and contingency plan. (30%) 1200 words List of references Company Overview Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style hotel in Singapore. It was established by two Armenian brothers from Persia—Martin and Tigran Sarkies—in 1887. In later years they were joined by younger brothers Aviet and Arshak and kinsman Martyrose Arathoon.With their innovative cuisine and extensive modernisations, the firm built the hotel into Singapore's best known icon. It was named afterStamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore, whose statue had been unveiled in 1887. The hotel is cu rrently managed byFairmont Raffles Hotels International and houses a tropical garden courtyard, museum, and Victorian-style theatre. Raffles Hotel has a shopping arcade housing boutique brands such as Louis Vuitton, Surrender, and Tiffany & Co.. The arcade houses most of the hotel's restaurants.It also has shops such as the custom tailor, CYC The Custom Shop,[9] which makes shirts for Singapore's first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, and the third and current prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong. The third floor of the arcade houses the Raffles Hotel Museum and Jubilee Hall. Accommodation The hotel has 103 suites: – 84 Courtyard and Palm Court Suites – 12 Personality Suites – 5 Grand Hotel Suites – 2 Presidential Suites Activities – 15 Restaurants and bars – Raffles Spa – Outdoor swimming pool – Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Jubilee Hall theatre – Raffles Hotel gardens – Gymnasium – Event spaces – Executive centre Business Services A team of 24-hour personal Raffles butlers endeavours to assist hotel guests in all matters of business and leisure throughout their stay. The Executive Centre is another haven where residents can work or relax at their wish. Designed as a study, it is fitted with personal computer workstations and printers, and stocked with a selection of international newspapers, business magazines as well as commercial/industrial trade directories.The perfect location for a business meeting, Raffles Singapore features seven function rooms for events of up to 350 guests. With a choice of rooms, attentive service and all the technology you would expect, we’ll make it happen – exactly the way you want it Facilities Outdoor Swimming Pool & Bar Luxuriate in an exclusive haven by the rooftop pool, set amidst the lush tropical surroundings. Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade stands as an oasis of calm amidst the busy city and is an integra l part of the world-renowned Raffles Singapore.The shopping arcade offers an extraordinary experience to discerning shoppers both locally and from around the world. It houses over 35 international and regional fashion and designer stores, as well as the popular Raffles Shop with fascinating memorabilia and collectibles available for purchase. Jubilee Hall A charming, Victorian-style theatre playhouse seating 388 guests, Jubilee Hall is noted as a premier cultural venue for varied repertoires and ceremonies. Sir Charles – Flowers For The GentlemanWith a bloom for the gentleman to shower upon his lady and a posy for the lady to accord her gentleman, let the distinguished flowers from Sir Charles speak for you. From hand posies and hand bouquets to potted floras and lavish arrangements, Sir Charles has a delightful bloom for every joyous occasion. Gardens at Raffles Hotel Raffles Singapore is perfectly accompanied by the lush greenery and the landscaping which make up a quarter of the total land area of the Hotel.The gardens and courtyards at the hotel include the Palm Court, Palm Garden, Fern Court, The Lawn, Raffles Courtyard and Raffles Square. An iconic plant found in the gardens of Raffles Singapore is the Travellers Palm, which as tales would tell, has been known to save the lives of travellers in search of water with its fan-shaped foliage providing welcoming shade. The leaves are also said to be aligned on an East-West axis, thus pointing travellers in the right direction. Limousine ServiceArrive in style at the grand gravel driveway of Raffles Singapore with our chauffeured limousine service, or be whisked away to your next destination after your stay with us. Our classic Daimler or Bentley limousines promise to transport you to the glorious heydays of a bygone era, without which no Raffles experience is complete. A luxurious fleet of other modern limousines are also available. Family Outdoor Swimming Pool Luxuriate in an exclusive haven by the ro oftop pool, set amidst the lush tropical surroundings.Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade Raffles Hotel Shopping Arcade stands as an oasis of calm amidst the busy city and is an integral part of the world-renowned Raffles Singapore. The shopping arcade offers an extraordinary experience to discerning shoppers both locally and from around the world. It houses over 35 international and regional fashion and designer stores, as well as the popular Raffles Shop with fascinating memorabilia and collectibles available for purchase. Resident HistorianExperience a tour with Raffles Singapore’s very own Resident Historian Leslie Danker who has been with the hotel for almost 40 years. 24-Hour Butler Service At Raffles Singapore, we want our hotel guests to feel the ultimate service from our hearts. Delivering a high level of discreet and attentive service is the role of the Raffles butler. We call that ‘service with a gentle breeze’. The butler team can also make arrangements for babysitting services, offer children’s amenities such as toys and games, should you require them.

Arugmentative essay on which is better the pc or the mac computer

Arugmentative on which is better the pc or the mac computer - Essay Example Both fruit would have supporters lauding the differences in inherent nutritive value, taste, and texture of each. When we compare an Apple Mac to a MS Windows PC, two traditional feasible choices for personal and business computing, though, the subjective should be thrown out of the window and the facts wisely considered. While it is true that Windows has been ‘virally’ (pun intended!) popular, the time has come for certain misconceptions about the Mac to be cleared up and how it will be a very good choice. The inevitable argument against the Mac is that it is more expensive than a Windows PC. While at times true, the fact is it often costs less than or about the same as its Windows counterpart. A Windows PC’s cost does not include multimedia software and hardware that you will need or want. By buying the extras, you pay more than the cost of a Mac which comes bundled with software like iLife. Consider long-term savings: Macs have been proved to be less expensive to run than Windows. The reputable CIO magazine quoted an Enterprise Desktop Alliance survey as finding the total cost of ownership (TCO) with a Mac to be much lower than a Windows PC. â€Å"Macs were cheaper in six of seven computer management categories: troubleshooting, help desk calls, system configuration, user training and supporting infrastructure.† (Kaneshige). Almost half the respondents reported licensing fees were about the same on both these platforms. In 2002, Apple, introduced the OS X, an operating system (OS) based on UNIX. Specialists consider it one of the most advanced, stable and secure OSs available commercially. It is a multimedia sensation thanks to its architecture and graphics. Users find the OS X smart, agile and a delight to use. In comparison Windows OSs have been compared to bulky, lumbering giants plagued by crashes requiring restarts that cost time and money. In Windows if you erroneously shift a folder or a file such as a program file